Role of Examination in Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Role of Examination in Education - Assignment pillowcaseWhether physically, mentally, emotionally, and even in the spiritual and financial, it plays a big part on the success of the examination.As bodily educations primary goals include the development of motor skills and physical fitness and with the inclusion of growth in the cognitive and affective domains social interaction and the encouragement to appreciate the successes and achievements of others. It is therefore, worthy to try to understand whizzs self and the pressures and forces which makes one respond or react, and be equal to prepare for it.Mental preparation or the kind of instinct setting is important in taking an exam. A mind that is already defeated beforehand would of line of reasoning produce a negative result. Worrying on whether to pass or not tends the body to impersonate tensed and muscles tighten. The state of being of an individual before taking an exam matters for it stabilizes ones focus and concentra tion, and be able to filter information needed to answer most especially essay questions. An examiner is able to ready insights and ideas needed to explain or support his propositions thus, making a desirable or excellent result.With the precise nature of time that it cannot be recycled, time management is very significant to an examination result. ... Though few are wise in time management, constraints happen when less time is left to complete the answers. instruction Comprehension/Understanding instructions/VocabularyInstructions direct the orderliness of an examiners answers, and poorly constructed instructions would trail to disregarding examination result - both on the teachers and the examiner. However, part of the instruction is the ability to understand the requisite of the question. Wherein in most cases, and as a result of the examination, uninformed candidates made little analysis or careful reading on questions and attempted to use whatever knowledge they had regar dless of the question. As it is considered to be one of the common hindrances in producing good examination results, students suffering from it are the ones that fail.Reading may be a skill, but common problems during examinations, many students fail to achieve marks because of the inability to understand language with specific words or phrases highlighted in the question. It is often misunderstood especially those relating to work covered in the AS course. With the exception of the few, there were candidates who found it difficult to describe terms and consequently gave rather wraithlike and rambling responses. The use of technical language, particularly in the synoptic questions, remains weak for many candidates. victimization non-technical language will often result in candidates giving vague and generalised responses that normally fail to answer the question. As questions should be clear resulting to clear answers, there was a fairly even spread amid candidates who were able to identify particular body types and those

Computer Graphics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

computing device Graphics - Essay ExampleWallace, 2001. pp3-6The JPEG compression algorithm involves three breaker points - Colour Space Conversion ( wild-Green-Blue triplets mapped to Luminance-Chrominance Blue-Chrominance Red triplets), Segmentation into 8x8 pixel blocks, and Discrete Cosine Transformation (image transformation from spatial flying field to frequency domain representation) encoding stage that includes Quantization (sorting the output waveform of DCT), Zigzag Scan (sorting the frequency coefficients from low to high), and stochasticity cryptanalysis (Huffman Coding and Arithmetic Coding).The encoding and decoding algorithms for JPEG images are shown in figures 1 and 2 respectively. compressing is used to reduce the file sizes such that they can be used on web pages or documentation or any other light weight graphics applications. The 8x8 blocks of source images are frontmost shifted from unsigned integers to signed integers and then are applied to the Forward Discrete Cosine Transformer (FDCT). To decode the flavourless image to achieve the 8x8 blocks again, they are applied to the entropy decoder whereby the output is taken out from contrary Discrete Cosine Transformer (IDCT). The final processing step of DCT encoder is the entropy coding that achieves additional compression by encoding the quantized DCT coefficients based on statistical characteristics. There are two types of Entropy Coding methods - Huffman coding and Arithmetic coding. Huffman coding removes one or more sets of Huffman code tables whereas Arithmetic coding doesnt require any external tables (although statistical conditioning tables as inputs can improve coding efficiency). The quantization stage of JPEG algorithm results in loss of information, thus making JPEG standard a lossy compression technique. Wallace, 2001. pp3-6 coalition Ratios and JPEG image formatsCompression is specified in terms of consequences per pixel including the chrominance and luminance compo nents) called the compression bit rate. higher(prenominal) the value of bits per pixel, better would be the image step. The JPEG standard recommends the following mapping of image quality with bit rates in colored images having hold backly complex scenes0.25 to 0.5 bits per pixel The output image shall possess moderate to good quality 0.5 to 0.75 bits per pixel The output image shall possess good to very good quality 0.75 to 1.5 bits per pixel The output image shall possess excellent quality 1.5 to 2.0 bits per pixel The output image shall be practically non-distinguishable from the original imageThe improved version of original JPEG technology is JPEG 2000 that provides better rate

Connection Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Connection Project - Research Paper ExampleIt was expected that after the slaying of these laws, instruction would become much more accessible to all kinds of children, even more so for children with specific needs. However, even after a few decades of having the laws implemented, in that respect were still observed shortages of teachers that fussyize in educating injure children, as well as the presence of certain inadequacies with regards to the retention of certified teachers for special education, and as a result inculcates had to resort to any decreasing the services for children due to understaffing, or even allowing under-qualified or categorical personnel to do these tasks for the benefit of giving these children their education. In order to address the problem, several factors have been set that were observed to have been causing the shortages of special education teachers, as well as their retention at heart the educational institutions, and in turn solutions can be formulated so that groom administrators such(prenominal) as heads or principals could undertake in order to alleviate, if not remove the issues concerning the insufficiency of teaching staff for children with special needs. It is no secret that special education is a teaching field with greater challenges than regular education, largely because of the kind of students that are being serviced in this field. Because of the greater diversity of the needs of students in special education in comparison with regular schooling, there is also a need to employ instructors that were trained and enlightened specifically for each kind of deterrent that the school decides to serve. However, despite having these kinds of information made available for school administrators, there were still observed shortages of special education teachers, especially the qualified ones (Billingskey & McLeskey, 2004). At present there are five areas in special education identified to have the highest shorta ges of certified instructors emotional/behavioural disorder multi-categorical disability severe/profound disability learning disability and mild/moderate disability (McLeskey, Tyler & Flippin, 2003). Other instructors with fields of specialization that cover other kinds of disabilities such as mental retardation, education for the visually-impaired, and the tryout impaired were also lacking, which not only prevents the education of children with special needs but also the schools ability to implement IDEA and NCLB properly and efficiently. Several survey results found out that the problems for such shortages were multifactorial in nature. Certain researches regarding the reasons why there were numerous shortages for qualified special education personnel, which were either tied to the schools policies, administrators, as well as to the personnel themselves. First of these is how schools categorize their disabled students, especially those which account to have high numbers of stude nts having disabilities (Greene, 2009). Due to some administrators unable to fully understand how children are selected for special needs education or not, clashes between the special education teachers themselves and the administrators happen, for example some children that have house servant problems and thus struggled in their academics were incorrectly-labeled to be disabled when in fact these children were considerably normal when compared to handicapped children, and in the end such measures prevent the

Gay Lesbian Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gay Lesbian Parents - Essay frameworkThat reality suggests that the children of gay and homosexual couples can experience healthy and normal psychological development were it not for societal tendencies towards discrimination, on the one hand, and the innate tendency of children to react negatively to uniqueness, or difference, on the separate (Ahmann, 1999). In other words, while homosexual parenting does not, in itself, limit a childs capacity to undergo a normal psychological development process, the fact that it unfolds within societies which, despite public statements to the contrary, are innately antifertility of the traditional family structure and biased against same-sex families, detrimentally impacts the childs opportunities for healthy development. Through a review of the arguments on every side, the research shall attempt to prove the stated argument.Western societies, despite the prevalence of laws upholding homosexual rights tend towards negative conceptualisation s of homosexuality. The anthropologist, D. Gilmore (1990) asserts that societal acceptance of sexual orientations is ultimately nail downd by the prevalent culture and cannot be primed(p) by laws. Insofar as Western societies, whether as a consequence of historic or apparitional traditions, define homosexuality as a practice which falls from without the bounds of normalcy, if not outright abnormal, it is inherently incapable of comprehending the possibility of children of same-sex parents as anything other than underprivileged. The fact that this is not necessarily the case and that the aforementioned information is ultimately predicated on the dominant cultures perception of homosexuality as abnormal is validated by attest which effectively proves that cultures which perceive of homo and hetero-sexuality as equally normal, have no prejudices against the concept of same-sex parenting (Gilmore, 1990). In other words and as further emphasised by Halwani (2002), culture dictates p erceptions of homosexuality and, as a result, invariably affects the children of same-sex couples.The fact that culture, concomitant with traditional definitions of marriage and family, inexorably influence perceptions of the stated relationship and, as such(prenominal) impact the psychological development of the children concerned, is evidenced in a plethora of commentary on the phenomenon. The law, for example, clearly defines marriage and the family unit which is subsequently formed as a union of man and woman unequivocally involving the procreation and rearing of children within a family (Johnston, n.d.). Religion, similarly defines marriage and family, consequently maintaining same-sex unions and families to be a libellous deviation from the norm with incalculably detrimental psychological effects on the children concerned (Richardson, 2004). In other words, there exists a predominately negative perception of the same-sex family unit insofar as culture, religion and the law combine to define it as abnormal. That in itself will limit the possibilities of healthy psychological development for children with gay or lesbian parents.Psychologists have determined the existence of a strong likelihood, as evidenced by empirical fact, that children who evolve up with same-sex parents can

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in contracting Term Paper

alternate(a) difference resolve (ADR) in contracting - marches Paper ExampleIn effect, some legal institutions now demand some parties to turn to Alternative broil closedown of some form, normally meditation, before allowing the cases of the parties to be resolved. The escalating reputation of Alternative Dispute Resolution can be described by the rising caseload of conventional courts, the view that Alternative Dispute Resolution inflicts lesser costs than court cases, a p continueence for privacy, and the need of some parties to have enhanced enamor over the choice of the individual or people who will tackle their dispute. Also, a number of the ripened judges in certain aras are resiliently favoring the use of mediation in dealing with disputes. The Alternative Dispute Resolution methods are adaptable and flexible to the distinctiveness of each exclusive case and permit the parties to consider their individual risks of proceedings. Nevertheless, the use of Alternative Di spute Resolution is a consensual issue and cannot be diligent without the agreement of the parties in a contract (Sourdin, 2002). This paper will look at Alternative Dispute Resolution in contracting. ... There are also independent techniques, for example, ombuds offices and mediation programs within an organization. Nevertheless, the techniques are identical, whether they are pendant or not and greenly employ the same skill or tool sets, which are largely divisions of the negotiation techniques (Lynch, 2001). In addition, Alternative Dispute Resolution comprises formal tribunals, free-and-easy tribunals, formal mediative processes, and free-and-easy mediative processes. The typical formal tribunal forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution are private judges and arbitration. The common formal mediative military operation is transfer for mediation before a court appointed mediation decorate or mediator. Additionally, common informal techniques include intercession, transfer to no n-formal authorities, and social processes (Kellett, 2007). The main variations between formal and informal procedures include the possession or absence of a formal structure for the procedure application and pendency to the procedure of a court. Requiring the services of an organizational ombudsmans office is not considered to be a formal process. This is unremarkably voluntary. The International Ombudsman Association Standards of Practice asserts that people should not be compelled to seek the services of an ombuds office. Also, organizational ombuds offices refer individuals to available conflict management alternatives in the organization, both interest-based and right-based, and formal and informal. Moreover, ombuds offices can provide a potpourri of alternatives themselves because they do not have the decision making authority. This range of alternatives is frequently ignored in exist discussions of Alternative Dispute Resolution (Ruth,

Human Recources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Human Recources - Essay casingAn understanding of implications of SHRM has been obtained by applying concepts such as resource-based view of the firm and HR-business partner model. The discourse also highlights particular aspects related to application of SHRM based on these two models and how organizations adapt to the changing demands from external and internal customers in order to sustain their competitiveness.Strategic human resource management has emerged as the most favourable overture for businesses as it provides a comprehensive framework for HR practices to be aligned to organisational strategies. These practices have enhanced gilds growth and profitability upon integration with business purposes. This faculty has become very popular in the areas of the traditional HRM, organisational behaviour and industrial relations. This concept practicablely addresses many limitations of the conventional HRM practices, and works on the philosophy of integration of HR strategy wit h business strategy. David Guests (1987, 1989a, 1989b, 1991) Harvard model emphasizes the significance of achieving strategic integration and asserts the role of organisations ability to integrate HRM issues into its strategic plans in such a style that various aspects of HRM are congruent with the policies and practices implemented at all levels (Armstrong, 2000).To achieve this, many management specialists living the resource based view (RBV) of the firm as it provides competitive advantage in strategic sense. However, practical implications of RBV on managerial functions such as selection, development, combination and deployment of resources experience certain challenges which questions RBVs status as the backdrop of SHRM. This discourse examines the extent of integration achieved by organisations between strategic decisions and practices with respect to SHRM. Further, an assessment of the speciality of RBV

Danages and their calculability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Danages and their calculability - Research root word ExampleDamages, generally, vary largely depending on the type of loss or injury sustained, the claim presented and the jurisdiction in which the claim is brought. Though the general concept of injurys is well rooted in honey oil virtue not all damage are, e extraly when considering those recoverable in securities virtue (Hames 101). Nevertheless damage awards are often at the center of controversy given their monetary nature and their debilitating effect. In response, congress has attempted to address these concerns by enacting several statutes limiting the monetary awards restoration can afford. Nonetheless, damages play an integral part of every legal establishment, providing teeth to every bite civil law imposes. This paper seeks to handle and examine the unalike types of fraud damages available in breach of contract, tort, and down the stairs Rule 10b-5 and how those damages are calculated. Because the rules govern ing damage awards very greatly on the jurisdiction they are pursued in, the aim of this paper is to provide a general understanding of the customary rules governing communal damage types. The discussion is divided in three parts. Part one go out briefly discuss the nature of damages. Part two will discuss fraud damage types and calculability in three sections compensatory damages and restitution, mitigation of damages and punitive damages. Part three will examine and analyze the damages for fraud, and their tie in drawbacks under tort, contract breach, and 10b-5. In the legal system, civil law has its core principles in a system that serves in the perspective of a primary source in law. Based on the Roman laws framework, civil law was developed from Western Europe origins. The same can be contrasted with car park law, which basis intellectual dependency on judge made decisional laws, that accord precedential authority to either prior court decisions. The latter is on the princi ple of unfairness in treating similar facts, on different occasions in a different manner. In discussing about these issues, calculation of damages in intercourse to a legal dispute is essential especially in diminution values. Diminution of values depicts a measure of value that can be termed lost as owed to circumstances causing loss. Diminutive in value is a measure on an items value prior to and subsequent to the ideal act or an omission done to create the value lost to ensure calculation of compensation changes. Relating to theories available in legal damages this type of value in mostly used for damages related to special compensations (Johnson 76). The principles of damages and their calculability Before damages can be recovered, there must be a prostitute committed (M11). Even if a loss has been incurred, damages cannot be awarded absent a wrong or invasion of a legal right (M11). The objective of damages is to give the claimant compensation for the loss or injury he or sh e has suffered, as a result of a breach of duty or right owed to the claimant (M12). Damages in fraud are economic losses that include all fiscal and material losses, such as loss of profits incurred or loss of value. (M12). These losses on their character can be measured financially. The general purpose of damages is to award the claimant an amount of money that will put him or her in the same position had he or she not been wronged (M13). The rule just is not absolute. There are limitations where the compensation

Defense Budget Cuts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defense Budget Cuts - rise ExampleThe defense cuts are likely to cause irreparable harm not only on the capabilities of institutions but also to the men and women in uniform. However, compared to education, healthcare and green economy, outgo within the military is a deprived basis of creating jobs1. Pollin and Heidi show that $1 billion investment in clean energy, education and healthcare generates between 50 % and 140% more jobs compared to similar amount spent by the pentagon2. Nevertheless, it is impossible to sieve concept of economic security from that of national security since they are both dependent on to each one other because the current threats to US economic and national security are identical3. Therefore, regardless of whether the US stiff a super power or not, the country has to invest in military capabilities to respond to these threats. Although maintaining fat defense is essential, the prevailing economic challenges to the US pose a unique challenge to defen se compute hence, the need for the defense sphere of influence to rise to the challenges of the turbulent times.Although many defense experts believe that the defense sector requires extra funding in modernizing its weapons, they mostly fall short of quantifying certain shortfalls with recent comparisons targeting defense budget with regard to the GDP4. With regard to capability, depth and conventional power, the US military remains the dominant force in the world, which is also true to the size of the nations defense budget. For instance, the countrys defense spending is 7 times that of the second leading nation moreover, the US spent 29 times more compared to the 6 rogue states of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Libya, Syria and Sudan, in addition, US defense budget is greater than the GDP of these nations5. Therefore, it is overtake that the US enjoys a substantial advantage in its size of the defense budget owing to the by and large technologically advanced military that requires su bstantial funding.

Password Cracking System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Password Cracking System - Research Paper ExampleProtecting an individuals entropy by restricting access to it can be done by means of placing a discussion entry request mechanism every date that particular entropy is accessed. There ar and many means whereby which these passwords can be nullified. The Systems that enable the nullifying of passwords are referred to as Password Cracking Mechanisms. This spread abroad is intended to throw a detailed light upon which password cracking mechanisms are and how they come into effect. primer The network is an open medium which is accessible to just ab bulge anyone who logs on to it. While it has many benefits the internet is also not free of potential harmful activities. If personal information is left insecure and un attended on the internet there is a grave possibility that someone may alter it out of inquisitiveness or for the particular reason of harming information. It is in order to refrain from the altering of information t hat entropy is kept password protected. Data Integrity Data Integrity is a fundamental concept that governs the communicate of data and information from one point to another. One a broader scale it refers to the accuracy and consistency with which data traveling is made possible. Passwords, An Introduction Passwords are an inevitable part of the digital life that human beings lives nowadays. They are all around man. Every cell Phone holder needs them in order to attest himself to their personalized mobile phone. Even the broadband service providers need authentication from each user that connects to their portion stream. It is often required from users of passwords that they keep complex passwords that are unusual and difficult to guess so that they may not be guessed/hacked by unwanted internet users. One of the recommendation is also that multiple passwords are employ to access websites and online services such as email and internet banking etcetera. Passwords are also used t o secure computing systems and personalized files. Passwords pose to be safeguards of the aegis of an individual as long as they are not cracked. The reason that passwords are known to the concerned individual himself only passwords are design to be secure. Problem with Passwords The problem with passwords is that individuals keep them such that they are either too easy to immortalise or too strong, so much so that they have to be written down. The simpler the passwords are, the easier and less time consuming it is to crack them. Research has shown that a password that is devoid of any punctuation marks and swell rudiments and is based on six characters takes around less than six seconds to crack. This cracking duration changes to eight point volt (8.5) days if the password is composed of alpha numeric characters. This is possible since al all small alphabet six digit password has the possibility of twenty six possibilities at each alphabet stake for six times in the entire p assword. Similarly an alphanumeric password has the possibility of having 36 possibilities at each character position (since there are 26 alphabets and 10 numeric digits.) Since the common stack are unaware of the improvement in security just by the addition of a chip as part of the password characters the percentage of people taking advantage of this edge in security are very few. A research conducted by iFusion Labs, suggests that around twenty percent of the digital engineering users still keep very easily, simple and guess-able passwords- such as the names

Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Diversity - Essay ExampleThere just now seems to be any(prenominal) conflict or scuffle that is focused on racial or heathen paradigm. Indeed, the small skirmishes amongst the children ar mostly focused on their games and older generation seems to enjoy their arguments while base on balls in the local park.Moreover, the gender and age distribution of observed people is also mixed. Most of the children in the park are in the age assemblage of 3-12 years. I also find that there are a lot more(prenominal) people in the park who are above 50 years. Teenagers and juvenile adults do not seem to frequent the local parks Interestingly, the streets live more young adults and office staff goers and the same is true for the central market and local transport. May be there are meagerly more boys than girls but the overall gender distribution within the population observed is almost same. The group formation within the mainstream population is also highlighted by diversity where whites mix with the ethnic population.It is fun to line of business the varying models of interaction amongst the people coming from diverse background. While the children and teenagers seem to be least bothered about their laughter, the aging white population is more reserved than their ethnic counterpart who seems to be enjoying life. They are full of life and seem to be living in the present than bogged down with the worries of tomorrow. In much(prenominal) a multicultural environment, I as a Mexican, have not been burdened by any cultural constraints to feel alienated. I have been accepted easily within the group and treated as friend. Surprisingly, the heterogeneous social groups behave homogenouslyIndeed, had I not be studying diversity, I would not have noticed these small things which have become part of contemporary society. Furthermore, I realize that we have more cross cultural understanding and thereby are less surprised of new customs or feel awkward in group where people are coming from different culture,

Political ecnomony of japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political ecnomony of japan - Essay Exampleer the Second World fight where Japan not only take rebuilding but the people in Japan were so completely defeated that there was essentially no resistance to the occupation. The American army was certainly not welcomed as a heroic outcome but was largely seen with a sense of resignation. The Japanese were weary of the fight and were more than willing to outgrowth over again under the guidance of the American political agenda which back up democratic ideals. The civilian casualties suffered by Japan had put them at such a low point that they might confound accepted anything to end the war and return to normalcy. On the other hand, after a short war which was thought to have ended the whole drama, the Iraqi people fought against the occupation as well as against each other (Al-Khabbaz, 2009).Most importantly, the American occupation of Japan after the Second World War came with support. Support from the American world, support from t he regional countries and even support for the person leading the occupation who had an gauzy understanding of the culture and the people. In Iraq, America has none of these things mentioned above. The American public may have supported the occupation initially but as the death toll rose and sentiments of the public changed, the American public largely does not seem to support the Iraq occupation. The region is becoming increasingly anti-American as the thorough elements continue to use Iraq as a symbol of American dominance and cruelty while the American leaders in Iraq appear to have little understanding of what is actually going on in the country (Schwartz, 2004). All these factors show that the Japanese and the Iraqi occupations are considerably different from each other.Schwartz, F. 2004, laboured to be Free Democratizing Occupations in Japan, Germany, and Iraq, Online Available at

Analysis of Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur - endeavor ExampleThis study will look to analyse Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur by evaluating him with Saras D. Sarasvathys organize on Effectuation Elements of Entrepreneurial Expertise. The study by Saras D. Sarasvathy (2003) was done with an endeavour to seek an firmness to question related to the fact that what makes a successful entrepreneurs brain different from the mediocre person (Young Money, LLC, 2011). The main findings of the study were related to process elements of entrepreneurial expertise, principles of entrepreneurial expertise, and effectuation the logic of entrepreneurial expertise (Sarasvathy, 2003). The conclusion that Saras D. Sarasvathy derived from her research was that most successful entrepreneurs generally rely on the factor of effectual reasoning. It means that they primarily define their goals based on the choices as swell up as the means they are provided with. Successful entrepreneurs are observed to be bri lliant improvisers. They generally do not start their business venture with tangible goals, but they look to constantly assess role to find ways to make most effective utilisation of the available resources. They look to use their private strengths in order to develop different goals extemporaneously.

Social Upheaval of the 1960s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Upheaval of the 1960s - Essay ExampleHowever it should also be known that affectionate upheaval was certainly not just limited to those areas, and that it also reached large eggshell in nations such as Japan, Mexico and Canada. The term is used both nostalgic onlyy by those who participated in those events, and pejoratively by those who regard the time as a period whose harmful effects are palliate being felt today. The decade was also labeled the Swinging Sixties because of the libertine attitudes that emerged during this decade (Wolfe, 1999). The conception of this paper is to discuss the 1960s, particularly in regards to the kind upheaval which took place during this time, and this involves not only social but political and social conditions as well. By addressing and discussing this as well as any and all other key and related issues, we will be able to come to a much more informed and knowledgeable understanding on the subject matter at hand overall. This is what wi ll be dissertated in the following.Conflicts arise for a myriad of different reasons that are often a combination of politics, economics, and differing heathenish identities, and whatever the actual reasons for a conflict beginning, there are some basics which constantly stay the same. The African American Civil Rights Movement is just one of many different matters which led to the social upheaval of the 1960s, and this is in many different regards The African American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) refers to the different domesticize movements in the United States aimed specifically at abolishing both public and private acts of racial discrimination against African Americans. In the years of the 19th century, many states, most of which were located in the South, passed racially discriminatory laws. The racial strength that was aimed at African Americans greatly mushroomed at this point, and this period in time is often referred to as being the nadir of American race relation s. Elected, appointed, or hired governance authorities began to require or permit discrimination, in the states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma and Kansas. Required or permitted acts of discrimination against African Americans vaporize mainly into four categories (1) racial segregation - upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 - which was legally mandated by southern states and by many local governments outside the south (2) voter suppression or disfranchisement in the southern states (3) denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and (4) private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans, which were often encouraged and seldom hindered by government authorities (Addington, 2000). The Vietnam War was another event which led to the social upheaval of the 1960s, and the war itself, which took place from 1 959 to 1975, was considered as being a successful effort by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and the indigenous National apparent movement for the Liberation of South Vietnam, to reunify Vietnam under a communist government. The United States worked in this war by first deploying large numbers of troops to South Vietnam between 1954 and 1973, and some particular U.S allies

Four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Four - Essay ExampleIt is thus affordable for the majority, leaving a small percentage that is normally catered for by government or NGO healthcargon facilities.The risk factors twisty in the vaccination are generally similar in all other vaccination scenarios. These include adverse anaphylactic chemical reactions (although extremely rare) (Carapetis & Curtis, 2001), neomycin reaction, egg protein sensitivity reaction (Aickin R, 1994), and a generalized reaction to the MMR antigen component.It is recomm fetch uped as well for healthy immunocompetent individuals. This is due to their ability to mount a proper and functional repellent response. It is recommended for children above 12 months because their mothers antibodies whitethorn interfere with the immunological response of the infant. This is due to the fact they may end up binding the antigen, and having no substrate for the infant antibodies to recognize and bind (Wilkins J, 1978)It is recommended for immunocompromised indivi duals, patients who are on corticosteroid treatment and those who are unable to mount a strong immunological response to a live vaccine. An example is patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, or in cases of cancer (Anon., 1993). The advantage of this token of vaccine is that it does not bear a risk of pathogenicity on immunosuppressed patients. Furthermore, it does not place inordinate pressure on the immune reconstitution mechanisms of the patient.Some individuals may not be suitable candidates for immunization, and thus may have to forfeit or postpone the procedure. The factors that affect the grouping are mainly physiological. They include heavy(predicate) women, adults born before 1970, children below 12 months, individuals with prior severe reaction to the vaccine. The individuals born before 1970 are generally considered immune due to the fact they may have been exposed to measles before the vaccine was first manufactured. Pregnant women are not vaccinated to

Law Enforcement scenario assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

police Enforcement scenario - Assignment ExampleThe door has been secured well because the thieves were unable to break the door but they entered the building by breaking the windows of the doors. This is the main place where the problem is. Secondly, despite the fact that the door locks have been secured, the overall certification of the building is not assured because audiovisual equipment lost in the TV room in addition to the keyboard and mouse that disappeared from the library. These equipments were stolen but not through breaking in.The first issue is that the audiovisual equipment, the keyboard, and the mouse went deficient without breakages into the building. Secondly, thieves stole several computers from the computer lab by breaking in through the door windows on the exterior stairwell.The course of action for putting lighting in the rear doors did not meet the criteria regarding speak to and was eliminated from consideration. The remaining courses of action were put on the evaluation criteria of cost and maintenance that meet the safety

Political science- short answers- Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political science- light answers- Africa - Essay ExampleStructural adjustments directed towards Africa by the IMF, bilateral donors and the World Bank are whatever of the policies to reach consolidation (Herbst 51).According to Samuel P. Huntington, it is religious and cultural identities that will primarily breed tension and involvement in the world of post- Cold War. Huntington concluded this after surveying various theories relating the mode of global politics. He argued that the idea of different civilizations is key to analyzing the possibility of conflict (Herbst 45). Civilizations differ from each other in legal injury of language, culture, history, religion and tradition. This has potential for conflict.Huntington gave a memorable slogan regarding Islamic religion which has agitated friction in the western world. It is the Islam has bloody borders slogan that brings fear in his arguments. Huntington concludes that all Asian countries and other Islamic commonwealth are co llectively peace haters. The western will come together and consolidate their power to chink their interests remain. The Islamic nations will too consolidate and challenge the power and values of the West. The western world has had have-to doe with great impact in the world civilizations. To remain relevant, they have to consolidate their military power and entreat for their interests and values (Herbst 67).According to Huntington, the West plays a critical role in influencing the political and religious institutions in Africa. The West therefore determines the stability and of the social movements activities of these

The strategic plans of Procter and Gamble Essay Example for Free

The strategic plans of Procter and lay on the line Essay gate counseling This cogitation is being infrataken in order to review the strategic plans of Procter and Gamble. The kind Resource activities of the gamy society lead be identified including their estimated cost and utilitys. Also, the study leave alone identify the strategic activities and how it match the strategic goals of the c whollyer-out. Fin completelyy, this study will formulate recom manpowerdations on how the organization might better match its gracious resource activities with its strategic bring ins.COMPANY BACKGROUND Procter and Gamble caller-up is a U. S. pedestald orbiculate corporation based in Cincinnati, Ohio. It manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. The corporation is the 25th largest U.S. company by revenue in 2007. It is the eighteenth largest by profit, and 10th in Fortunes closely admired companies list as of 2007. The company was founded by William Procter, a candle maker, an d James Gamble, a soap maker in 1837. These two men were immi harmonises from England and Ireland respectively. The company grew tremendously and through with(predicate)out the twentieth century, it god to prosper. The fast expanded into other countries and introduced Tide backwash detergent in 1946 and Prell shampoo in 1950. In 1955, the company began selling its first toothpaste to contain fluoride which is cognize as Crest (Dyer et al., 2004). Currently, the company is ranked in the top ten by the Harris Interactive/ fence in Street Journal list of companies with the worlds best reputation, the bod one ranking in Fortunes U.S. Household and Personal Products most admired list. It is ranked play two on the Hay Group list of Best Companies for Leaders, and the Market Sector Leader for Household Products in the Dow Jones Sustainability top executive (PG annual Report, 2007). PG ranks among the top companies for decision maker Women (National Association for Female Executive s), African Americans (Working contract and Women of Color Magazines), Working Mothers (Working Mother Magazine), and Best Corporate Citizens (Business Ethics Magazine) (Ibid). Supplier diversity is a fundamental billet dodging of the company. In 2007, the business solid spent over $1.9 trillion with minority-and women-owned businesses. It is a member of the Billion Dollar Roundtable, a assemblage of 14 corporations that spend more than than $1 billion annually with diverse suppliers (Ibid).Overview of Operations The business of Procter and Gamble is focused on providing branded consumer goods. The companys goal is to provide products of superior quality and nourish to improve the lives of consumers around the world. The company believes that this will result in lead gross sales, profits and determine creation, allowing employees, sh atomic human action 18holders and the communities in which the company operate to prosper (Ibid). The firms products be sold in more than one hundred eighty countries mainly through mass merchandisers, grocery stores, membership club stores and drug stores. It is continuing to expand their movement in high frequency stores, the neighborhood stores which serve more customers in arresting grocery stores. The firm on-the-ground trading operations in over 80 countries.The market is highly war-ridden, with global, regional and local competitors. In most markets and manufacture segments wherein the company is selling their products, it compete a urinatest other branded products as well as retailers private-label brands. In addition, many of the product segments in which it compete atomic number 18 differentiated by price. Essentially, Procter and Gamble compete with premium and mid-tier products and ar well positioned in the manufacturing segments and markets in which it operates. It is most often holding a leadership or material sh are position (Ibid). administrational Structure Currently, the organizational st ructure of the company was comprised of deuce-ace international Operations Units (GBUs) and a Global Operations group. The Global Operations group includes the Market Development Organization (MDO) and Global Business Services (GBS). The heads of the three GBUs and Global Operations for from each one one would report to the Chief Executive Officer (Ibid).Global Business Units During 2007, the three GBUs were beaut and Health, Household trouble and Gillette GBU. The main responsibility of the GBUs is to develop the overall scheme of the brands. They identify the common needs of the consumer, develop product diversitys, marketing and sales. In the unite States, the business units comprising the GBUs are integrated into seven segments Beauty Health interest Fabric Care and sept Care Snacks, Coffee, and Pet Care Blades and Razors and Duracell and Braun (Ibid).Growth and Strategies Procter and Gambles sales fuck off with child(p) from $39 billion to $76 billion in the past seven social classs. The firm draw more than doubled the number of brands that generate $1 billion or more in sales each year, and now do 23 of these leading billion-dollar brands in its portfolio. The company similarly have more than quadrupled the number of brands that generate at least $500 meg in sales, and today have 18 of these brands self-collected to be the next billion-dollar brands. The firm have nearly doubled the number of countries in which it generates a billion dollars or more in sales each year, and now have 12 billion-dollar countries (Ibid). Procter and Gamble (PG) have more than a billion dollars in sales each year with seven retail customers, up from two in 2001. PG have generated more than $43 billion in net earnings and $50 billion in free cash flow. PGs market capitalization has increase more than $ nose candy billion since 2001. Currently, the company is among the ten most valuable companies in the United States (Ibid). Procter and Gamble designed a div ersified business portfolio to elicit consistently and reliably. It designed its meaning strengths to win in the labor. It designed strategic, operational, and financial processes that hold discipline to deliver. It in like manner designed a management team and organization to lead (Ibid).2007 Results of Activities The year 2007 brought results to the companys strategic plan for ingathering. It was the most demanding year that the company faced since the beginning of the decade. As energy and commodity costs continued to rise, hawkish pressure also intensified. Nevertheless, the company continued to arrive well and attained its tar give growth range. The following were the highlights of its operationsNet sales increased 12% to $76 billion. Organic sales increased 5%.Diluted net earnings per share increased 15% to $3.04.Free cash flow from operating activities was $10.5 billion, or 101% of net earnings.Fabric and shell Care grew radical sales 8%, with double-digit growth i n make out markets and mid-single-digit growth in under(a)developed regions. The identify growth drivers included Tide Simple Pleasures, Gain Joyful Expressions, and Febreze Noticeables.Blades and Razors organic sales grew by 8%.Beauty organic sales increased 5%, led by strong growth in feminine care, prestige fragrances, and hair care. Billion-dollar brands Al slipway, Olay, and Head Shoulders each grew sales double-digits for the year.Health Care organic sales incremented 6% which is driven by in truth strong growth in oral care. In the United States, Crest extended its category market leadership to 38% behind the advantage of the Pro-Health line. fry and Family Care organic sales increased 4%. This growth was due to the continuing expansion into ontogeny markets and robust results on Pampers Baby Stages of Development and Baby Dry Caterpillar Flex products in northwest America. Growth across geographic regions was also broad-based. This was led by mid-single-digit orga nic volume growth in North America and double-digit organic growth in growing markets. Also, it made excellent progress on the integration of Gillette. This was the biggest acquisition in the consumer products industry and in the history of the company (Ibid).Growth Strategies, 2001-2007 The basic strategy is to grow from its core competence. This is done through maximizing on its leading brands, big markets, and top customers. Specifically, this strategies are as follows (Ibid) tidy sum up 7% on fair out, for PG s 23 billion dollar brandsVolume up 8% on average, for PGs top 16 countriesVolume up 8% on average, for PGs top 10 retail customers.Develop faster-growing, higher-margin, more-asset efficient businesses and this is done limitedally throughBeauty sales doubled to $23 billion profit more than doubled to $3.5 billionHealth Care sales more than doubled to $9 billion profit increased 6-fold to $1.5 billionHome Care sales up nearly 85% profit more than tripled. Accelerate gro wth in developing markets and among low-income consumers as followsDeveloping market sales up 18% per yearOver one-third of check company sales growth from developing marketsDeveloping market profit margins comparable to developed market margins.New Strategic Design The first element of the companys strategic design is a portfolio that balances growth and consistency. In the 1990s, two businesses accounted for 85% of all the value created by the firm through the decade. Today, the firm have a much stronger and more robust business portfolio. It is competing in 22 categories that include a balanced mix of faster growing, higher-margin asset-efficient businesses, much(prenominal) as smash or home care, and large, foundation categories such as laundry, or baby care. PG also have an attractive geographic mix, with about half glide path from the rest of the world. The firm is focusing on achieving disproportionate growth in fast-growing developing markets.These markets have contribut ed more than a third of the companys top-line growth over the past five years, and their plowshare has been accelerating. Nearly 40% of PG sales growth came from developing markets this past fiscal year, and it is expected that the contribution would be even greater in the year ahead. The companys diversified portfolio reduces exposure to single and warlike events, and maximizes future growth opportunities. Traditional businesses, like fabric care and baby care, are strong and growing in their own right, and they create scale that makes PGs saucer and health care businesses more competitive (Ibid). Geographically, the firms North America home base is rock solid, with dependable growth that allows them to dower in developing markets. Also, the breadth and diversity of the firms businesses and the breadth and diversity of the technological expertness that supports these businesses enable the company to transfer technologies from one business to another. For example, Crest Whitestr ips was created by combining bleach stabilization technology from laundry care with film technology from corporate Research and Development (RD) to provide in-home teeth whitening. The Swifter Wet Jet pad combines absorbent cores from feminine care with flexible surface lawyers from baby care.Olay chance(a) Facials combines structured paper from family care with skin conditioning and mild cleansing from beauty to provide a mini-facial in the home. The companys ability to combine technologies from so many diverse businesses cannot be rivaled in the industry because no other consumer products company has the scope of science and technology found at PG. The firms business portfolio is not static. It uses the operating total shareholder return (TSR) delivered by each business to unceasingly ensure its portfolio is maximizing shareholder value. TSR is a cash flow return on investment funds (CFROI) model that measures sales growth, earnings growth and cash flow to determine the rate of return that each business earns (Ibid). The firms researchers and entrepreneurs around the world working in airfields that are relevant to their business. They are establishing the company as the preferred commercialization partner for these external innovators, and it is making a huge impact. The firms ability to innovate is most evident in the net present value of its innovation pipeline and the organic incremental sales growth generated by innovation. plan-driven value creation for shareholders and incremental sales growth from innovation have nearly doubled in this same time period (Ibid). These are just two examples of how the company designed an institutional capability to grow. The firms core strengths create sustainable competitive advantages, and it is continuing to get stronger in every area. The third element of the companys design for growth is the disciplined way it managed its business. Discipline is part of the companys culture and it is use to every aspect of the business strategic, operational, and financial. The company set and stick with clear strategies. It does its homework before issue to market with revolutionary products and ideas (Ibid). The second element of the firms design for growth is its combination of core strengths. Early in the decade, the firm determined that it did not have sufficient competitive advantage in the five areas that are critical to winning in consumer products consumer rationality, brand building, innovation, go-to-market capability, and scale. It invested good in every area and it is paying off. For example, the company invested more than a billion dollars in consumer understanding since 2001.It transformed one of the industrys more traditional market research organizations into a consumer understanding powerhouse. Its external benchmarking indicates that the company has the industrys strongest suite of proprietary consumer research tools and methodologies. These tools make the firm learn faster and more in force(p)ly, and it helps develop the often unarticulated needs and aspirations that lead to breakthrough innovation (Ibid). Innovation has always been the firms lifeblood, and it created significant advantage in this area. It has the best-in-class expertise in about a dozen technology areas that are the foundation for innovation in the industry, including enzymes, perfumes, and flavors, polymers, structured substrates, and surfactants. The firm multiplied this internal capability through an feat we call connect + develop, which is proving to be an enormous source of innovation and competitive advantage. It has about 8,500 researchers within the company and another 1.5 jillion outside the company (Ibid).Strategic Focus The growth strategy of the company will exploit opportunities focusing on these areasPGs Core. The firm is widening its share advantages versus competition. For example, in fabric care, it is the number two player worldwide in the early 1990s. Today, the firm h as a 34% share of the global fabric care market, almost double the next competitor, and its share has grown for six consecutive years. at that place are plenty of opportunities to keep growing all of the companys billion dollar brands. It is proving in category after category that a leading share, even a relatively high share, is not a barrier to growth. The company aims to continue leverage its brand line-up and category-leading innovation to keep core businesses strong and growing.Faster-Growing. Higher-Margin Businesses. The company has even greater upside in businesses such as beauty and health care. The beauty and health categories in which PG competes are a combined $360 billion market today, and are projected to grow 3% to 4% a year for the balance of the decade. The firm has almost doubled its share of beauty and health over the past decade although the firms share of this combined market is merely about 10% globally.Developing Markets and Lower-Income Consumers. The firm can still grow significantly in developing markets by increasing household penetration and consumer usage frequency, and by entering categories where it has not yet competed. For example, the average U.S. householder buys five to ten times as much PG product per year as the average household in developing markets. In addition, there is a large number of households in developing regions that do not yet purchase any PG product. Closing this gap, the company is confident that it can do it over time.It will continue to drive strong growth for years to come. thither are significant bottom-line growth opportunities as well. The firm will continue to leverage its economies of scale. It will reduce overhead costs by simplifying work and eliminating duplication between global business units and market development organizations. It will be more effective and efficient in how it will manage smaller country organizations and brands. It will continue to increase productivity in all of its busin esses. It will continue to improve gross margins. The companys current margin is about 52% (Ibid). pitying Resource Management Procter and Gamble have the most diverse and broadly experienced leadership team in its history. The top 45 leaders came from a dozen countries, and most of them have experience leading businesses in both developed and developing markets (PG Annual Report, 2007). The firm is proud that they have recognized as one of the worlds best leadership development companies. PG have been ranked as one of the three best companies for leaders. Human Resources Executive time ranked PG as the best company among the Fortune Most Admired for management quality(Ibid). The Human Resource department of PG have developed advanced leadership training or senior music directors. The new General Manager College is targeted to the 135 general managers who run PG businesses globally. GM College focuses on Purpose and Value, leadership strategy, capabilities, systems, and culture. T hey have also designed a sequel to GM College which is called the Executive Leadership Program. This program is targeted to the most-senior managers in the company and focuses on agility and flexibility, embracing leading change, and sustaining growth (Ibid). The firm is concerned with getting the right pack into the right jobs at the right time is always a primary responsibility of management. Also, equally heavy and more difficult is the need to anticipate leadership capabilities that will be required in the future, and ensuring that managers get the experiences and coaching they need to be ready (Ibid). One of the most visible example of the companys ability to develop strong leaders is the number of former PG employees who are now CEOs of major companies. The hot seat of PG himself is personally involved in succession planning for every organization in the company. They review succession plans and the progress of key leaders with the Board once a year, and with the senior ma nagement team three times a year (Ibid). The human resource management values and culture of PG is reflected in their principles as follows (www.pg.com)We show respect for all individuals.We believe that all individuals can and want to contribute to their fullest potential.We value differences.We actuate and enable people to achieve high expectations, standards and challenging goals.We are honest with people about their performance. The interests of the Company and the Individual are inseparable.We believe that doing what is right for the business with integrity will lead to mutual success for both the Company and the individual. Our quest for mutual success ties us together.We encourage stock ownership and ownership behavior. We are Strategically Focused on Our Work.We operate against clearly articulated and aligned objectives and strategies.We only do work and only ask for work that adds value to the business.We simplify, standardize and streamline our current work whenever pos sible. Innovation is the Cornerstone of Our Success.We place great value on big, new consumer innovations.We challenge convention and reinvent the way we do business to better win in the marketplace. We are Externally Focused.We develop superior understanding of consumers and their needs.We create and deliver products, packaging and concepts that build winning brand equities.We develop close, mutually productive race with our customers and our suppliers.We are good corporate citizens.We incorporate sustainability into our products, packaging and operations. We Value Personal Mastery.We believe it is the responsibility of all individuals to continually develop themselves and others.We encourage and expect outstanding technical mastery and executional excellence. We Seek to be the Best.We reach out to be the best in all areas of strategic importance to the Company.We benchmark our performance rigorously versus the very best internally and externally.We learn from both our successes and our failures. Mutual Interdependency is a Way of Life.We work together with confidence and trust across business units, procedures, categories and geographies.We take pride in results from reapplying others ideas.We build superior relationships with all the parties who contribute to fulfilling our Corporate Purpose, including our customers, suppliers, universities and governments. As such, it is very clear in Our Principles of PG that they really value their human resources and that they value the individual, the team and their development to become leaders and their corresponding search towards excellence (www.pg.com).Employee Benefits The company sponsor some(prenominal) post-employment benefits throughout the world. These include gift plans, both specify contribution plans and specify benefit plans, and other post-employment benefit (OPEB) plans, which is comprised mainly of health care and life insurance for retired persons (PG Annual Report, 2007).Stock-Based payment The company have a primary stock-based requital plan under which stock options are granted every year to key managers and directors with exercise prices equal to market price of the underlying shares on the control of grant. A total of 229 million shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under plans O.K. by shareholders in 2001 and 2003, of which 73 million remain available for grant. An extra 20 million shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under a plan approved by Gillette shareowners in 2004 and assumed by the firm in joint with the acquisition of the Gillette Company in October 2005. A total of 14 million of the shares remain available for grant under this plan.There are also five million shares available for grant under this plan. There are also five million shares available for grant under Future Shares Plan approved by the Board of Directors in 1997. This plan will terminate in October 2007. Grants issued under the firms shareholder approved plan s since September 2002 are vested after three years and have a 10-year life. Grants issued under these plans from July 1998 through August 2002 are vested after three years and have a 15-year life, while grants issued prior(prenominal) to July 1998 are vested after one year and have a 10-year life. In addition to the key manager and director grants, the company makes other minor stock option grants to employees for which vesting terms and options lives are not substantially different (Ibid). Total stock-based compensation expense for stock option grants was $612 million, $526 million, and $459 million for 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. The total income tax benefit recognized in the income countryment for these stock-based compensation arrangements was $163 million, $140 million and $125 million for 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. The company also makes minor grants of restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based grants which are generally expensed at grant date was $56 million, $59 million and $65 million in 2007, 2006, and 2005 respectively (Ibid).Defined Contribution hideaway Plans Procter and Gamble have defined contribution plans which cover the majority of U.S. employees as well as employees in other countries. These plans are fully funded. The firm generally make contributions to participants accounts based on individual base salaries and years of service. The main U.S. defined contribution plan comprises the majority of the balances and expense for the firms defined contribution plans. The contribution rate is set annually.Total contributions for this plan approximated 15% of total participants annual yield and salaries in 2007, 2006 and 2005. Procter and Gamble maintains the Profit Sharing Trust and Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) to provide a portion of the funding for the D.C. plan in the United States as well as other retiree benefits. Total defined contribution expense was $273, $249 and $215 in 2007, 2006, and 200 5, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit retirement pension plans was $ 8.6 billion and $8 billion at June 30, 2007, and June 20, 2006, respectively (Ibid).MATCHING OF human RESOURCES WITH STRATEGY The development of key managers through the General Managers College of PG matched its strategy of growth and diversification as discussed above. The continuous growth of the company requires a constant supply of managerial talents. The employee benefits also matched the strategic goals of the company since these benefits are the motivators that will make the employees and managers work hard since the company spends a lot of money for their insurance, health care, pension plan, and stock-based compensation wherein the company spends billions of dollars. Also, the Our Principles of the company as discussed above is also supportive of the strategy of the company wherein these principles get up a culture of independence and at the same time work as a tea m. It also encourages hard work and excellence for employees in their jobs.RECOMMENDATIONS PG is an excellent company. Most of its strategic management practices are state of the art as well as its HRM practices. However, in order to match the strategic goals of the company, the human resources function should do the followingConduct intensive training to all of its employees and not only their candidates for senior managers.These trainings should be in line with their respective functions of the employees in their respective divisions, andIn order to motivate employees, the stock compensation option should be offered to everyone and not only for key managers.PGs infrastructure requirements consist of those functions and activities necessary for the effective management of a companys human resources. The major purposes of these activities traditionally have been to attract, retain, and motivate employees. We refer to them as human resource management (HRM) practices (Schuler, 1984), and the key HRM practices includeHuman resource planningStaffing, including recruitment, selection, and socializationAppraisingCompensationTraining and developmentUnion-management relationships The result of effectively managing human resources is an enhanced ability to attract and retain fit employees who are motivated to perform, and the results of having the right employees motivated to perform are numerous.They include greater profitability, low employee turnover, high product quality, lower production costs, and more rapid acceptance and implementation of corporate strategy. These results, particularly if conjugated with competitors who do not have the right people motivated to perform, can create a number of competitive advantages through human resource management practices.CONCLUSION Although there are many ways by which companies can gain a competitive advantage, as MacMillan (1983) has suggested, one way often unnoted is through their human resource management practices . HRM practices enable companies to gain a competitive advantage in two major ways One is by helping themselves and the other is by helping others. So there appears to be a significant benefit from having HRM considerations represented in the strategy formulation award rather than only in the implementation stage.Once the strategy is formulated and the appropriate HRM thrust identified, specific HRM practices need to be developed. These practices, such as staffing and compensation, are the ones that actually create the competitive advantage for the company. In addition, selection of the most appropriate practices should be appropriate to the strategy andlead to behaviors that are supportive of the strategy for example, if cooperative behaviors are need among employees, then group or organizational level compensation incentives should be provided rather than an individual-level incentive system. If product quality is critical, quality circles and union-management cooperation should be developed. Once the strategy is formulated, the determination of the needed behaviors comes from job analysis. The HRM practices that stimulate those behaviors must be identified. They must be implemented so as to ensure consistency across HRM practices. It is this hard-won consistency which will help ensure that a competitive advantage through HRM practices is gained and sustained because of the barriers we have just discussed. In addition to using their HRM practices on themselves, companies can also gain a competitive advantage through using their HRM practices on others. Specifically, companies can gain a competitive advantage by helping their suppliers, customers, or servicers/distributors with their practices REFERENCES a b http//www.pginvestor.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=104574p=irol-fundSnapshot CNN Fortune ranking http//money.cnn.com/magazines/circumstances/mostadmired/2007/top20/index.html Dyer, Davis Frederick Dalzell, Rowena Olegario (2004). Rising Tide Lessons from 165 Year s of Brand Building at Procter Gamble. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1591391474. Wherrity, Constance. dial Agrees to Buy PG Deodorant Brands, Pierce Mattie Public Relations New York blog, 2006-02-21. Retrieved on 2006-09-06. John G. Smale He rebuilt PG and city, too, The Cincinnati Post, 11 October 2005. 2007 Annual report, pg 71 Reasons for Selection, 2007 Canadas Top 100 Employers. Trademark of the Beast by David Emery, June 10, 1998 Trademark of the Devil by Barbara Mikkelson, snopes Mikkel MacMillan, I. C. Seizing Competitive Initiative. The Journal of Business Strategy,1983, pp. 43-57.Peters, T. J., and Waterman, R. H. Jr. In Search of Excellence. New York WarnerBooks, 1982.Schuler, R. S. Personnel and Human Resource Management (2nd ed.). St. Paul, MNWest Publishing, 1984.Skinner, W. Big Hat, No Cattle Managing Human Resources. Harvard BusinessReview, September-October 1981, pp. 107-118.Schulerson, Barbara and David. 2005 celestial latitude 31

Nickel and Dimed Essay Example for Free

Nickel and Dimed screenIn the arrest Nickel and Dimed On (Not) Getting by in America Barbara Ehrenreich writes of her experiences taping and live in what is considered mainstream America. In the sociological perspective the method of research Ehrenreich used was that of participant observation in which the researcher participates in the research setting while observing what is happening in that setting. The type of great deal studied were the lower middle form, the working class and the working poor.Lower middle class is or so 30 percent of the population and atoms of this class assume jobs that call for them to follow orders given by those who have upper middle class credentials. Their technical and lower level management positions work out them a unafraid living, only is usually constantly threatened by taxes and inflation. In Ehrenreichs book she discusses how these groups of individuals will smell out secure in their positions and anticipate being able to move u p the social class ladder.The trait between the lower middle class and the working class on the next lower rung are more blurred than those between other classes, but members of the lower middle class work at jobs that have slightly more prestige and their incomes are generally higher. The focus on the book was more on the working class and the working poor. Another 30 percent of the U. S. Population belongs to this class of relatively unskilled blue collar and white collar workers. Compared with the lower middle class, they have slight education and lower incomes.Their jobs are also less secure, more routine, and more closely supervised. One of their great fears is being laid off during a recession. With only a high school diploma, the average member of the working class has little hope of climbing up the class ladder. Job changes usually bring more of the same, so most concentrate on getting ahead by achieving seniority on the job rather than by changing their type of work. Eh renreich worked mainly in this class but in order to make ends meet, she also took a job, cleaning houses that the working poor would normally be employ at.The working poor make up about 22 percent of the population and work at unskilled, lower paying, temporary and seasonal jobs, such as sharecropping, migrant farm work, house cleaning and twenty-four hour period labor. Most are high school dropouts. Many are functionally illiterate, finding it difficult to ask even the want ads. They are less likely to vote because they feel that no matter what fellowship is elected to office their situation wont change. Many of these individuals work full time but unchanging have to depend on help such as food stamps to supplement their spare incomes.But with the push to end social institutions in America the problem will only draw huge. Ehrenreichs book shows how easy to see how ace can work full time and still are poor. This book shows clearly the workings of the capitalist society we l ive in. How most live mean solar day to day and if they are getting by dont mind. The working poor are the ones that will be affected the most by welfare reform and in my judgement no one is really paying attention.The only attention is the bottom dollar the only issue that is looked at is how much this will increase money for the upper classes. It really wasnt very awful to me what was going on when you live and have lived within these social classes. I have always cognize we are just the indentured servants working for the capitalist class that only create about 1 percent of the population. Reference Ehrenreich, B. (2003). Nickel Dimed On (Not) Getting By in America. New York Holt Publishers.

Examining Visual Identity of logo example Essay Example for Free

Examining ocular Identity of logo example EssayTodays business world is moving at a fast pace and is ever changing, strong somatic identity and bodied range is more and more necessary to any organization to succeed by embracing this dynamism (Stevenson, Christensen, 2001, PP. 231). Our society is moving at a fast rate than ever witnessed on the globe and many businesses places the human capital and consumer at the center of success strategy.Therefore, to achieve this success effect to the business, effective visual communication through the delectation of static and dynamic graphics typography, ruse, and symbols are utilize to convey facts, concepts and emotions to the consumers and other stakeholders. This make up imperious graphic institution that is information oriented, which helps customer base understand complex information and identify the caller-outs products that can be translated to profits (Stevenson, Christensen, 2001, PP. 290). In this regard, the logo e xample in form of an orchard apple tree harvesting is to orchard apple tree Computer Inc.the logo is such a familiar one, since it is on the digital and medicinal drug products that I have interacted with. These products are Cinema Display, iPod, iPhone, Apple TV which are dominant to the young persons, plot of ground other products where the logo is displayed are Apple software, Mac, Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server, iLife, iWork and AirPort. obscure from the products of the Apple Inc. company, the logo is placed on entrance of organizations corporate headquarters in the middle of Silicon Valley, at 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California.Since it is founding in early 1976, Apple meetr Inc. has revolutionized personal computing. Additionally, Apple has introduced amazing and wonderful products that have gone beyond technological boundaries. Thorough its attributing innovativeness in computer brands, Apple has become one of the worlds major computer brands in contestation with IBM, Mi crosoft, HP and Canon. Beneath Apple excellent brand performance and recognition globally, lies a powerful corporate identity facilitated by its well designed and unique logo.Apple logo is unique, in such a way that it does not bear any writings as many logos are and using ups a bitten out apple fruit on the right lieu instead of a full fruit (Thomas, 2005). Yet, the Apple logo is one of the most recognized corporate symbols in the world of computer and digital business. Over the years since invention of the first logo in early 1976, Apple logo has undergone a revolution to capture the market corporate identity needs. Wayne and Jobs designed first Apple logo that envisioned a graphic design of Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree with words grave stating that Newton a mind forever voyaging through strange seas of thought with Apple Computer Co (table1. figure 1). This first logo to be used by Apple company, was designed by aesthetic skills of human person through hand as co mputers that are dominantly used in our present years were not yet invented. However, the company logo was later changed in late 1976 by designer displume Janoff of the Regis McKenna Agency designed an iconic logo of an apple with the bite out on right side and with rainbow colors simply rainbow apple (table1. figure 2).This design greatly relied on the attribute and commemoration to Isaac Newtons discoveries of the gravitational force (the apple), and the separation of light by prisms (the colors) in scientific technological world (Thomas, 2005, p. 225). The rainbow logo apple was used up to 1998, when the logo appeared in many bright colors whereby the logo example presented in this upshot with aqua color scheme was famous among all brightly colored logos of Apple Inc. (table1. figure 3). This aqua color scheme logo was used up to the year 2005, when Apple Inc. discontinued the use of bright colors (Thomas, 2005, p.204). At present the logo in use have white and raw-aluminum c olor schemes (table1. figure 4) that result to silvery chrome finish that fit ideally. After revamping the Apple Inc. logo design, the logo freshens up the icon and is consistent with the design scheme. Therefore, making the Apple logo acceptable and endorsed not save by me as a consumer of Apple music products, but also the consumer base and critics world wide. Ideally, the logo design of Apple computer Inc. fit with the services and products it offers to the digital market.This is in the sense that, iconic logo of an apple with the bite out on right side is linked by many visual communication scholars to mathematician Alan Turning who was the father of modern computer who committed suicide by biting into cyanide laced apple. Most significantly the bite is projection and indication of byte vs. bite (Thomas, 2005, p. 304). Furthermore, a rainbow colored Apple logo was used to advertise the color capability of the Apple II computer and the product mac refers to a particular variety of an apple. Indeed, the firm is one of a few success stories in the corporate world with Market capital of US$86.3 billion, Revenue of US$32. 48 billion, Operating income US$6. 28 billion , Net income US$4. 83 billion with 14. 88% profit margin and a potentiality of 28,000 Employees as indicated by a quarterly financial report of year 2008. Table1. Apple Inc. logos Figure1 First design Figure2 Rainbow apple logo Figure3Monochrome Figure4 Silvery chrome .ReferenceStevenson, A. , Christensen, L. (2001). Corporate identity and corporate image revisited European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 35, p. 292-328 Thomas, H. (2005). Birth of the PowerBook How Apple took over the portable market Low End Mac, 2005-11-23.

Globalization and Industrialized Countries Essay Example for Free

Globalization and Industrialized Countries EssayAs globalization bottomland be seen as being a condition resulting from a long history of international exploration, attack and colonization, fuelled by economic, military, religious and political interests, and en sufficientd through enormous developments in transport and communications technologies (Evans 199712). The industrialized milieu has transformed drastically since the advent of globalization. Industrialized countries gather in undertaken extreme restructuring by modifying their means of communication and synchronization of work activities.Globalization has do it promise for companies to work on a real-time basis, whereby returns and services argon conveyed to the right place at the right time. Since then, globalization and instruction engineering has propagated and has undergone signifi arset modifyments. Costs have sustained to decline as these new technologies have emerged. A business not supported by a networ k of computer systems (primary information technology) is more or less destined to fail, since it will be incapable to compete efficiently in todays complex and dynamic environment (Aiki S. 1991).Companies be not the solitary(prenominal) ones who have gained from advances in modern information technology. Consumers and interest concourses have created strategic alliances and now capable to consecrate their activities as well as exchange ideas and thoughts through a number of database and network systems (Collins J. C. , and J. I. Porras. 1991). For instance, owners of personal computers can subscribe to a computer network and without difficulty retrieve information on the products and corporations on line. much(prenominal) information can alike without problems be transmitted to other users.This huge use of technology by both consumers and companies affects, but the way business is run today. These consumer strategic alliances know no geographical limitations oftentimes, they are global in nature, particularly among the industrialized nations. As companies can get in enormous bread from the better coordination, greater product elasticity, change quality, leaner production, and more time-based warlikeness that information technology offers, they likewise facades the threat that can come from these consumers strategic alliances.For instance, corporations can no chronic ignore consumer demands for constant product quality, reliability and maintain for the environment, or timely delivery of services. As we move toward more and more groundbreaking technologies, the labor force must be retrained. This training must not only expose workers to the technological matters adjoining the new process but also to the new focus of the brass section. They have to be made responsive of the importance of advanced technology in improving work methods and in remaining competitive. Employee compulsion to the new process is imperative.Globalization by itself adds lit tle or no value to an constitution. There should be memorial tabletal as well as employee dedication to exploit the technology to the maximum (Scott, A. 1996). For instance, with ever-increasing use of computer-integrated manufacturing systems, and the flow rate of technical documentation that accompanies it, employees have to be skilled of recognizing the critical information at the right time. one time that information is recognized and properly interpreted, there must be an organizational dedication to use the information to make better decisions.Without this potential, the organization cannot take advantage from new technologies. Human resources management, therefore, will persist to be a critical factor in the survival of any organization (Schlossberg H. 1992). We sum up the bewitch of globalization on human resources as follows Information technology transforms the mode of communication and work processes. consumption or standardized operations are replaced with skille d and multi-skilled workers. An extremely trained labor force is want to manage information technology. Worker motivation and satisfaction might improve since workers are no longer restricted to routine operations, enjoy management powers, and can contribute to developments in their work processes. (Waters, M. 1995) Globalization also has an impact on the organization itself, as follows Organizational reformation is required. This reformation makes the organization flat. Decision-making powers are decentralized. communications are better and the organization is capable to make timely responses to its environment. Introduction of new products and services is improved and varieties of products can be efficiently introduced and marketed by the organization. The organization is competent to improve its efficiency, quality, and competitiveness. (Scott, A. 1997) Todays advanced technology can, conversely, intimately become a basic technology. A rapid increase of new technologies also brings rapid obsolescence of in the first place technologies. Policies concerning technology must not be static they must stop evolving.Stalk (1988) points out that competitive advantage is a persistently moving target . . . The best competitors, the most thriving ones, know how to keep moving and always stay on the cutting edge. Competitiveness A company should be able to evaluate potential new technologies quickly. The goal must be to remain competitive, and effective management of technology is a vital step in achieving this. With an increased focus on customer satisfaction, technology is a decisive means for achieving customer satisfaction.Browning (1990) notes that a discipline organization uses technology incessantly to review its knowledge of its customers wants and to work out new ways of satisfying them. This commitment to be a learning organization needs vast resources, however. For example, Browning also points out that building a learning organization necessitates new skills, clever people and capable machines. Noticeably, technology and human resources should be used together for the organization to stay competitive (Cunningham, S. and Jacka, E. 1996).Barabba and Zaltman (1991) note that hearing the accent of the market and making constructive use of it with respect to the voice of the firm is a learning progression. Essentially, the voice of the market has to be interpreted into facts and tasks that will excrete to suitable products or services to satisfy customer needs. This is related to the application of quality function deployment, whereby the organization expands its strategic plans to assure customer needs. Thus, a learning organization should also be a feel for organization.As a caring organization, its major objective is to please its stock or stakeholders, its customers, and employees, and also to be collectively responsible. The traditional organization, with the focus on satisfying stockholders alone, is varying to this new form, with a sophisticated stakeholder group (Petrella, R. 1999). Thus, globalization and human resources management are recognized as key variables that facilitate an organization to improve its productivity, quality, and competitiveness.A critical constituent is the information technology, which offers both opportunities and challenges. The organization should show understanding to its environment via its policies, and be learning and caring organization, as time and reliability influence competitiveness. Finally, organizations should innovate and constantly move to grasp new targets, particularly in view of todays rapidly developing new technologies (Shields, R. 1997).

A governing body Essay Example for Free

A administration consistency EssayA governing body is eminent in e actually populace. Although the governing bodies of the united States and Sweden argon both administered by Executive, Legislative, and discriminative branches, the role they play in the politics of their respective countries differs greatly. Both countries are report to laws set ahead by age-old constitutions. There is also variance in the number of representative parties for the population of to each one country. It is important to look at the age of the country and its influence on the governing body. The period of time in which countries are founded is very important in showing why certain countries have the institutions that they do. The early Swedish govern manpowert was formed by aristocrats who nominated a king that used his rule to influence religion. This face of Swedens political history differs from that of the U. S. , which was founded hundreds of years later to be ruled by representation. U. S. Government The joined States is the worlds oldest representative democracy. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution.Citizens are subject to three levels of government federal, state, and local levels most areas are subject to multiple local governments, such as county or metropolitan governments in addition to municipal government. The federal government is comprised of three branches, which are intentional to check and balance one an new(prenominal)s spots. The Legislative branch is pass on up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, which makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, and has the power of making decisions regarding the budget and taxation, also know as Power of the Purse. The Executive branch is comprised of the President, who appoints, with Senate approval, the Cabinet and other officers. The Cabinet administers and enforces federal laws. The president is also Commander-in-Chief of the militar y. The legal branch is the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval. The Judicial branch interprets laws and faeces overturn laws they rate unconstitutional. The United States Constitution is the supreme legal document that governs the American system.The document is considered a social veer for the people of the United States, regulating their affairs through government chosen by and populated by the people. All laws and procedures of both state and federal governments are subject to review, and all law ruled by the Judicial branch to be in violation of the Constitution can be overturned. The Constitution can be amended by twain methods, both of which require the approval of three-fourths of the states. Officials at only three levels are either elected by voters in a secret ballot or appointed by other elected officials.Executive and legislative offices are decided by a plurality vote of citizens in their distr icts. Judicial and cabinet-level offices are nominated by the Executive branch and approve by the Legislature in the federal government and most states, although some state judges are elected by popular vote. American politics is dominated by the Republican Party and the participatory Party. Members of these two parties hold the majority of elected offices across the country at federal, state, and lower levels.Independent or third party candidates tend to do better in lower-level elections however, there are soon two independent members of the Senate. Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered conservative and the Democratic Party is considered liberal. Swedish Politics Information published by Nations Encyclopedia advises Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, of which power Carl XVI Gustaf is shortly the head of state, but royal power is limited to official and ceremonial functions.The nations modern legislative body is the Swedish Parliament, also kno wn as Riksdag, with 349 members, which chooses the Prime Minister. The Riksdag holds supreme authority in modern Sweden. The Riksdag is trustworthy for choosing the Prime Minister, who then appoints the ministers. The legislative power is then shared between the parliament and the Prime Minister-led government. The administrator power is exercised by the government, while the Judiciary, unlike that of the United States is independent.Swedens judiciary system also lacks the cogency to review laws that may be in violation of the constitution. Acts of the parliament and government decrees can be do inapplicable at every level if they are a murderst constitutional laws. Legislation may be initiated by the Cabinet or by members of Parliament. Members are elected on the basis of proportional representation, or affluent representation versus the plurality voting system used in the U. S. The Constitution of Sweden can be adapted by the Riksdag, which requires an absolute majority and t wo decisions with general elections in between.Since 1932, the Cabinets have been dominated by the kindly Democrats. The following political parties currently hold seats in the Riksdag Social Democrats, Moderates, Centre Party, Liberal the great unwasheds Party, Christian Democrats, Left Party, and Greens. There are six other parties, however, they do not currently hold any of the seats of the Riksdag. The six parties are Swedish Democrats, Feminist Initiative, The Pirate Party, June List, The Health portion out Party, and National Democrats. Religious and Cultural Aspects of GovernmentHistoricizing the formation of the Swedish government is to review the affects of aristocracy on government and government on religion. In the middle ages, struggle for power between powerful families and great Men, also known as Stormannen, caused politically unstable situations. Sweden was a kingdom where the king was elected by members of a council of aristocrats therefore, the throne was not in herited. The presence of powerful Great Men and chiefs meant that the kings influence was often instead limited. His political and fiscal control over the country depended upon support from the aristocracy.During the late Middle Ages political rebellion came about in Sweden. Constant struggle for power between a number of families and the Danish King Kristian II ended in the Bloodbath of Stockholm in the early 1500s. The result of this struggle enabled Gustav Vasa to establish king in 1521. The most important reform Gustav Vasa made was the reformation of the Church. The king was able to gain political control, as well as control the property of the Church, all Swedes suddenly became Protestants instead of Catholics(History World, 2007).This made it possible for the king to establish himself, not the Pope, as head of the Church, and also to use the Church as a pedagogic tool on the people according to History World. Because everyone had to attend church on Sundays, the state coul d reach almost the entire populace with information, propaganda, and a certain amount of education. The Bible was, for instance, translated from Latin to Swedish during this time. This had a positive impact on literacy among the ordinary people.In the United States, the formation of the government was influenced by agenda and innovationists rather than religion or how politics could influence religion. Our Founding Fathers were not known to practice Christian orthodoxy(White House, 2007). Although they supported the free exercise of any religion, they believed there could be dangers in incorporating a religion into the creation of a government to serve all people. Most of them believed in deism and be Freemasonry lodges. According to John J.Robinson, Freemasonry had been a powerful force for religious freedom(Free Masons, 2007). Freemasons took seriously the principle that men should worship according to their own conscious. Masonry welcomed anyone from any religion or non-religion , as long as they believed in a Supreme Being. Washington, Franklin, Hancock, Hamilton, Lafayette, and many others accepted Freemasonry. According to the Free Masonry Organization, in order to be a Free Mason, one must believe in the existence of a Supreme Being, which includes the gods of Islam, Hinduism, or any other world religion.Although many believe the anti-Biblical and anti-Christian beliefs and practices of this organization are partially hidden beneath an outward appearance of a supposed compatibility with the Christian faith, the organization supports every religion. The influence of a non-uniform Christian decree on the U. S. government was probably due to the combinations of cultures and backgrounds of the individuals making up the fairly new society. The compilation of cultures that continues to make up U. S. society varies greatly from those of the Swedish culture at the time their government was developed.Sweden was a very old country therefore, the majority of the inhabitants had lived there most, if not all, of their lives. The governments of the United States and Sweden both represent their diverse populations through their respective governments. The greatest variance in the way branches operate is in the Judicial system. In the United States, the Judicial System ensures that laws are upheld and amended to meet changing times without going against the Constitution. The Swedish Judicial branch lacks the ability to review laws that may be against their constitution.

The effect of different factors on egg white Essay Example for Free

The yield of contrastive factors on nut case bloodless EssayAs the title suggests I am leaving to check into the movement of various factors in interrogatoryicle white. And as only of us know that clump meals argon rich in proteins and that wherefore we feed them to small children. But not all the parts of the formal carry the same amount of proteins in them and as we know that at that place is the yellow part which has more or less less amount of protein comp ard to the white part and that is why I chose the white part to test the subject various tabudoor(a) factors on the protein which it contains and it is called albumen. And to understand what I am press release to do in my coursework I am passing game first to go bring out a small explanation on the character of the proteins and their organise in general and albumen in special. Proteins are in general made of small particles called aminic acids. And this is achieved by when many amino acids combine t ogether to progress to polypeptides in a condensation reaction. Those polypeptides nub together also by a condensation reaction to form a protein. And this is in picayune how albumen is also create. And thereof we could say that amino acids are the basic units from which proteins are formed of and at a lower place is a structure of an amino acid.R H O N C C H H OH As we see above this is a simplified structure of an amino acid and from the plat we could see that structure has in its center a carbon atom which is called the alpha carbon and to this alpha carbon there are four different groups attached to it and they are as follow. The first cardinal is a hydrogen atom the second is a basic amino group and the terzetto is the carboxyl group group (COOH) which is usually acidic in just about cases and in the end the fourth group is the R group which is variable in length and plays an important role in determining and deciding the nature of the amino acid.There forrad any am ino acid, which has in its place a carboxyl group, which is an additional whizz would be an acidic one and if in its place it has an additional amino group it, would be a basic. That was in summary a draft explanation of the structure of an amino acid but for several(prenominal)ly structure should be held by bonds which keep them in shape and in my experiment I am deprivation investigate how the effect various factors like acids and alkalis have on maintaining those bonds and that why we should take a look on the bonds bedeviling the structure of amino acids.The bonds holding the amino acids are hydrogen bonds, which are founded between CO and NH groups. The second type is the ionic bonds, which occurs when the R group exits in an ionic form. The third type is the disulphide bond, which occurs between the sulphur groups of the amino acid cytosine. The last type is the hydrophobic bond and which is the almost important in maintaining the structure of a protein and that is beca work the exclude water molecules in an aqueous environment.Moreover there are two types of proteins one is the wiry proteins and the other(a)wise is the globular proteins which albumen belong to this group and the most important characteristics of this group are that they are soluble in water and its chains are folded to form spherical shapes as shown at a lower place. Now any change in the structure due to any external factors, which affect the protein, volition cause a change in its shape leading the protein not to stretch forth its proper function. This process is called denaturation.When this process occurs in the protein albumen the albumen reverse to become a fibrous protein ca utilise a white insoluble curd to form called the coagulation of the albumen. For denaturation to occur there are several factors which helps it to happen and this what I am going to investigate. One of those factors and which we know since lower classes is heating. Heating causes the atoms within the protein to get along kinetic energy and breaking the bonds. Other factors are like adding acids, alkalis, heavy metallic elements etc... Those chemicals combine with the COO groups in the protein leading to a change in the structure and the denaturation of the protein. Those chemicals also form coagulated albumen when added to albumen. afterward going through what I wrote above I came to a personal conclusion which I am going to make it as my hypothesis is that the amount of coagulated protein formed increases or proportional to the absorption of the chemicals utilize which are external factors and physical factors it was exposed to.Now after mentioning my hypothesis I am going now to test the truthfulness of this hypothesis I am going to carry out an experiment to prove it and below is how I am going to plan my experiment and what chemicals I am going to use and etc.. . And below is a graph, which shows what I mean At the beginning when I heady to start my experiment I o pinionated to investigate a physical factor along with using chemicals. And the physical factor I decided upon was freezing that is because we know the effect of heating so I was interested to observe what freezing would do to egg albumen.This was for the physical factor, for the chemicals I decided to observe the effect o f acids, alkalis and heavy metals and for the acids I decided to use hydrochloric acid (HCl) and for the alkali I decided to use sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and for the heavy metals I decided to use either mercury chloride or silver gray chloride depending on the availability. And for separately chemical I decided to use three different concentrations for each and they are going to be . 0. 25M, 0. 5M, 0. 75M and 1M for the acid, alkali and the heavy metal.To carry out the experiment I got to use some materials and frame-up and below is a propensity of them followed by the use of each in brief Silver chloride Each of the materials and apparatus above has specific us es as shown below Beakers are going to hold the whole amount of the egg white and acids, alkalis and the heavy metals. Test tubes are going to be utilise to pour the contents together in it for the reaction to take place.Measuring cylinders are going to be used to measure the contents of the chemicals I am going to use. Droppers these are going to be used to adjust small amounts when I pour the chemicals in the measuring cylinders like taking on ml off. Test tube holders are going to hold the test tubes used for the reaction. Lab stickers are going to be used to label the test tubes to know which is which. Glass rod are going to be used to stir the contents of the test tubes and skim off the amount of coagulated protein formed. Freezer is going to be used to place in it the test tube, which is going to test the effect of freezing on egg albumen.Eggs are of course going to be used to get from them the egg white or egg albumen for the experiment. Hydrochloric acid it is what I chose from all the ranges of acids to test the effect of acid on egg albumen. Sodium hydroxide it is what I chose from all the ranges of alkalis to test the effect of alkali on egg albumen. Silver chloride it is the heavy metal, which I choose to test the effect of heavy metals on egg albumen.And that was in brief the use of each material and the purpose for what I am going to use them. The experimental procedure to be carriedNow I am going to explain how I am going to carry out my experiment. First of all I will get some eggs, separate the egg white from the yellow part of it, and pour them in a beaker. Then I am going to get 30 cmi of the acid for each concentration and pour them in four different beakers, which subject matter that for 1 M I will get 30 cmi of it in a beaker and the same for the other three concentrations. I will then repeat the same procedure for the sodium hydroxide and the silver chloride. Then I will take a measuring cylinder and pour in it 10 cmi of egg white in it.Then I will take the acid and pour in it in another measuring cylinder also 10 cmi of it. After that I take the egg white, pour it in a test tube and above it the acid, and wait until the reaction finishes. The time for which the reaction to finish will depend on how many days would I leave it there fore I decided to leave the mixture of acid and egg white for four days to pass on it the maximum time for it to finish its reaction. After that I will measure the volume of coagulation formed for example if the coagulation formed was the full 20 cmithen I am going to give it a symbol which will be 5 and so on depending on the volume formed. This procedure, which I used for the acid, is going to be the same for the sodium hydroxide and the heavy metal used thus guarantying a fair test. Precautions to be taken When carrying the experiment one should be careful and below is the list of the precautions I took Wearing gloves this important because it would protect my hands in case the ac id, alkali and the heavy metal I am going to use can fall on the and burn my hands. Lab finishing same as above but for the protection of the rest of my body.Not breaking fruitcake apparatus so as not injure my hands by glass shards caused by the breaking of the glass thus I should be careful. Electric points as I am going to test the effect of freezing it would be normally that I am going to use a freezer that is why I got to check the electric points so as not to get an electric shock centre protection I am going to wear eye goggles to protect my eyes in case a splash of acid reaches my eyes. Protection against salmonella as all of us know that the step forward of the egg, which means the eggshell, contains the bacteria salmonella thus one shouldTake care to wipe the eggshell first to begin with the experiment and to wash his hands thoroughly after finishing his experiment. Factors to be controlled For a fair test to be carried there are various factors to be controlled to en sure that fair test to be carried and below are the list of factors that should be controlled Maintaining a constant temperature to make sure that the experiment goes smoothly one should maintain a constant temperature preferably a room temperature and that is because it the temperature was raised the rate of reaction will change.To leave all the test tubes for the same time so as none of them will have an advantage on the other. Same amount of egg white to be used in all as the same amount of acid, alkali and heavy metal to be same through out the whole experiment. To ensure accuracy one should repeat each experiment at least twice and take the mean of the values recorded. I will try to make the reaction go by itself and prevent shaking any of the test tubes to give a fair chance to all the other test tubes.