PHILOSOPHY Essay -- essays research papers

With such great minds and an awesome influence that seems boundless, how rat there not be restoreences to the works of Thomas Hobbes and Immanuel Kant. The Fundamental Principles in the Metaphysics of Morality is used by the minority dissenting opinion to reiterate the concepts of the intrinsic dignity of man. While the majority uses the literary work the Leviathan to support their give birth opinions. Transforming and uplifting the case of Gregg v. Georgia into an arena for a debate of Hobbian and Kant philosophies.The majority claims that the death penalty serves two purposes, restitution and deterrence. Quoting the prior case of Fruman v. Georgia, that The instinct for revenge is part of the nature of man and channeling that instinct in the administration of criminal justice serves an important purpose in promoting the stability of a society governed by laws. This is a classic statement that Hobbes himself could have possible uttered. For man is an awkward beast, driven by in ternal forces. The laws of nature. All men are equal and can perform equal acts of harm. Once harmed, he that who has been hurt will make attempts to revenge. Either in the name of just, duty, honor, or by any other word, it is an mannikin of man conforming to his nature. To curb his nature by law is what the courts claim to be a stable society, Thomas Hobbes calls this a commonwealth under the Leviathan.Deterrence, the king of the controlling entity to help guide and command those that its laws regulate against taking certain actions. Instilling fear within the hearts of man is a powerful and exceedingly effective tool of leadership. As all men are equal this deterrence and creation of fear helps the Leviathan rule and have an edge over the citizens in the commonwealth. Hobbes wants an ordered and just society. Where its people depend on the Leviathan for justice and protection. That is his reason for creating such commonwealth. His formula gives birth to a structured and organi zed society. According add together he courts a penalty such as that as death is a needed and essential law in an organized society thats its citizens rely on legal process rather then self-help to vindicate their wrongs. ... ...requires approval of retribution as a general justification for that punishment. Justice marshal states in his dissenting opinion. It is the question whether retribution can provide moral justification for punishment. It simply defies belief to suggest that the death penalty is necessary to hinder the American people from taking the law into their own hands. Just as Justice Brennan has before, Marshall here fights retribution as cause for validity in the penalty of death. Using the same logic and formulas derived by Kant. Different examples and opinion but sill same results.This case of Gregg v Georgia was an important trial to represent us that we are forever redefining our standards and morals. Though our attitudes often changes they more often sta y the same. This particular case holds this to some degree to be true. For may afterwards their first publications, moral works here of Hobbes and Kant still help fuel some of the biggest debates in political, philosophical, and moral arenas. Each side, majority and the opposing dissent refer back to the mighty giants that with their little pens strokes brought down the mighty oaks.

Essay --

Introduction antibiotic drug drug is important in defending disease causing bacteria, pathogens and virus. Antibiotic resistance or drug or antimicrobial resistance means the ability of microorganism to defend against the effect caused by antibiotic. According to World wellness Organization (2006), aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic animals and plants in a restricted environment. Chatterjee and Haldar (2012) reported that almost one-third of the total fish supply in the world is contributed by aquaculture for internal consumption. Annually, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture has reported that aquaculture possesses an average increase of 8.3%. The development of antibiotic resistance bacteria is due to the usage of antibiotic in the feeds and immersion therapy (McPhearson, DePoala, Zywno, Motes Jr, & Guarino, 1991). The examples of antibiotic resistance bacteria that can be found in aquaculture peeing discharge are Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio vu lnificus and Plesiomonas shigelloides (Hernandez Serrano, 2005). When human handle and consume these aquatic organisms, they may be exposed to some diseases which results in public health issue. Vibrio vulnificusVibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) is a Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped bacterium that lives freely in estuarine, nautical and freshwater environment associated with aquatic animals. It can be isolated from water, sediments and seafood from seawater and aquaculture water (Jones & Oliver, 2009). Higher concentration of V. vulnificus can be found during summer when water temperature increases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Hence, V. vulnificus is also termed as halophiles as they are found in salty and high temperature environme... ...d-development-of-rapid-and-accurate-identification-methods-2155-9910.S1-002.pdfHernandez Serrano, P. (2005). Responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture. Retrieved form FTP//ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0282e/a0282e0 0.pdfMcPhearson, R. M., DePoala, A., Zywno, S. R., Motes Jr., M. L., & Guarino, A. M. (1991). Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria from cultured catfish and aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture, 99, 203-211.Morris, J. G. (2013). Vibrio vulnificus infections. Retrieved from http//www.uptodate.com/contents/vibrio-vulnificus-infectionsTodar, K. (2009). The microbial world. Retrieved from http//textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/homepage.htmlWorld Health Organization. (2006). Antimicrobial use in aquaculture and antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved from http//www.who.int/topics/foodborne_diseases/aquaculture_rep_13_16june2006%20.pdf

Sigmund Freud: His Life And His Work Essay -- essays research papers

Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, which is now in Czech Republic. He is the eldest of eight children born to Jacob and Amalie Freud. Because of the anti-semetic riots who were ragging in Freiberg , Freuds father, who was a wool merchant, lost his business and the whole family had to move to Leipzig (1859) and shortly after to Vienna where Freud throw away just about of his life. When he lived in Vienna, Freud had, once more, to come accross anti-semetism jewish people had been persecuted in Europe for hundreds of divisions and they would a great deal be attacked on the streets or called names. Freud was a very intelligent and hard working student, but when he left school, he was not sure of what he wanted to do. At first, he inflexible to become a lawyer. Then, he decided to study medicine and to become a doctor, for this reason, he enrolled in the medical school of the University of Vienna (1873) and he often came top of the class. To the eyes of Fr eud, working hard and wanting to find out about things were the two most important qualities in life. In his 3rd year at the University, he started a reasearch work on the central anxious(p) system in a phisiological laboratory under the direction of Ernst Wilhelm von Brucke. During this period of reasearch, Freud miss his courses and as a result, he remained in medical school 3 years longer than it was normally required to qualify a physician. He have his medical degree in 1881 .He spend three years working at the General Hospital of Vienna - working successively to psychatry, dermatology and to nervous diseases -. In the year 1885, he is given a government grant enabling him to spent 19 weeks in Paris to work with French brain doctor Jean Charcot - director of the psychical hospital, The Salpetriere - who tried to understand and treat nervous disorders, and most especially hysteria. Charcot used hypnosis to prove that the real problem of his patients was a mental one. From thi s demonstration, Freud realised the power that the mind had on the body, and he came spine from Paris, determined to make a name for himself in this new field of study. When he came back from Paris, Freud immediately married his sisters friend Martha Bernays. At first, the other doctors laughed at him and noboby baught his books. He was therefore very poor and in addition, he had a growing family to support. His only friend, Wi... ...pose of having a child with him. At this stage, the mother becomes the object of rivalry and jealousy. For the girls, the castration complex comes first ( in opposition to the boys case ) and therefore they desire to kill the mother and marry the father and have a baby. If for the boys the castration complex ends the Oedipus complex, and creates the unconscious mind and the superego, what happens with the girls ? Freud says that the oedipal cathexis in girls may be reduce or abandonned. The result is that women never really create a very strong sup erego. He is also not quite sure of how womens unconscious is formed, since they do not have the castration anxiety as the motive to repress their incestuous wishes, some sort of repression might happen but Freud is not entirely clear on how it happens.Freud succeeded in finding clear solutions for many human problems with the help of psychoanalysis he demonstrated the existence of the unconscious and created a totally new approach to the understanding of a persons personality. Although he was never accorded full recognition during his lifetime, today, Freud is acknowledged as one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century.

Free Trade and the Environment Essay -- Globalization Economics Pollut

Free Trade and the purlieu Economic Implications of Free Tradethroughout the academic discipline of economics, much attention has been lavished on the purely economic benefits of free trade as opposed to autarky. Economists have argued that both consumer and producer wheel to gain from uninhibited international trade. The consumer gains access to greater quantities of a specific good at a more competitive price, while the producer is fit to shift his resources into the economys comparative-advantage industries. In addition to static gains from trade such as increases in economic well being, free trade brings round dynamic gains as well, which further increase the expand the economic resources of the involved country.Similarly, some researchers have also pointed out the detriments accruing from free trade, especially for highly industrialize and successful states, such as the United States. Since Heckscher-Olin predicts international factor price equalization, there has been alar m that low-skilled wages in the U.S. would soon approach the wage rank paid in developing countries. This has been a concern championed by protectionists such as Patrick Buchanan.Considering Long-Term Environmental ImpactHowever, an equally important and perhaps reasonably neglected factor, in determining a course of economic policy vis--vis international trade should be considerations about long-term environmental impact. In this paper, we leave alone venture to discuss the effect of free trade on the environment, taking into account current trends in international economics, and comparing different perspectives on the issue. In 2002, The Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America, a joint effort by the US, Canada, ... ...with an increase in available resources, will enable the country to curb pollution. Cleary, though the goal through all this is to bring the worlds poorest countries from the depths of failure to prosperity, all with the lowest possible damage t o the environment.SOURCES CONSULTEDAntweiler, Werner and Brian Copeland and M. Scott Taylor. 1998. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment? National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MABalko, Radley. 2004. Free Trade and the Environment. http//www.aworldconnected.org/article.php/558.htmlCommission for Environmental Cooperation of North America. 2002. Free Trade and the Environment The Picture Becomes Clearer. CEC, MontrealHusted, Steven & Michael Melvin. 2004. International Economics. Pearson Addison-Wesley, capital of MassachusettsKwong, Jo. 1994. Environment and Free Trade. The Freeman Ideas on Liberty

Globalization More Poweful Force Than Localization Essay -- Globalizati

Kofi Annan, a UN diplomat, once said, ...that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity. globalisation and localization are two terms used to decipher policies a government would take on dealing with its ideals. Globalization and localization are around opposite concepts but butt coexist. Countries must decide how they will approach their situation in an integrated global economy and integrated cultural surrounding. In this paper, I plan to discuss what globalization and localization are and discuss some of the costs and benefits associated with each. I will use the reading by mob N. Rosenau, The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization, to discuss globalization and localization in international politics.Globalization deals with the spread of ideas relating to peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currency that are confined to a specific geographical place and its constituted norms. It is something that is changing these set norms of activities and concerns of a society that have long served as the foundation of a certain way of life. Globalization indicates moving away from a set standard in the fields of political, economic, and political ways of life. Rosenau puts it as a transformation of practices and norms. So globalization is more of a process than a prevailing condition or a desirable end state. The aspirations for a particular state is something different, it is globalism. Localization is a term used to describe those factors that cause a nation, an ... ...things but secondary to the positive gains of globalization. The things gained by globalization help keep a nation economically and politically stable or more so than if localization was practiced. This was illustrated through the two Ne w York Times articles. Though there is a lean towards globalization, Rosenau believes that both globalization and localization can coexist. As he put it, for globalizing and localizing tendencies to accommodate each other, individuals have to come to appreciate that they can achieve psychic comfort in collectivities through septuple memberships and multiple loyalties, that they can advance both local and global values without either detracting from the other. He does believe this coexistence is possible and almost inevitable so he says that it is all about how well a nation can wok with both of them and make them work efficiently.

Globalization More Poweful Force Than Localization Essay -- Globalizati

Kofi Annan, a UN diplomat, once said, ...that arguing against globalisation is like arguing against the laws of gravity. Globalization and localization are two terms used to describe policies a government would take on dealing with its ideals. Globalization and localization are almost opposite concepts but croupe coexist. Countries must decide how they will greet their situation in an integrated global economy and integrated cultural surrounding. In this paper, I plan to cover what globalization and localization are and discuss some of the costs and benefits associated with each. I will use the reading by James N. Rosenau, The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization, to discuss globalization and localization in international politics.Globalization deals with the outflank of ideas relating to peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currency that are confined to a specific geographical place and its established norms. It is something that is changing these set norms of activities and concerns of a society that have long served as the foundation of a certain way of life. Globalization indicates moving away from a set standard in the fields of political, economic, and political ways of life. Rosenau puts it as a transformation of practices and norms. So globalization is more of a process than a prevailing condition or a desirable end kingdom. The aspirations for a particular state is something different, it is globalism. Localization is a term used to describe those factors that cause a nation, an ... ...things but secondary to the positive gains of globalization. The things gained by globalization help keep a nation economically and politically stable or more so than if localization was practiced. This was illustrated through the two New York time articles. Though there is a lean towards globalization, Rosenau believes that both globalization and localization can coexist. As he put it, for globalizing and localizing tendencies to accommodate each other, individuals have to have it off to appreciate that they can achieve psychic comfort in collectivities through multiple memberships and multiple loyalties, that they can advance both local and global value without either detracting from the other. He does believe this coexistence is possible and almost inevitable so he says that it is all about how well a nation can wok with both of them and make them work efficiently.

Giving Feedback Essay

Giving feedback to a classmate in a distance learning environment would be different from big(p) looking at to bet feedback in many ways such as with distant learning you have to be sure to provide detailed information so that your classmate will understand. When providing feedback to a distant learner you have to be sure your words are used carefully try to critique the feedback as if you were the classmate an see what reply you would obligate. When providing feedback face to face I am able to see the users reaction to the discussion.I also tactile sensation that when providing feedback face to face you feel a little more comfortable. Also, when providing feedback face to face I am able to see the users reaction to the discussion. Typically when I speak on a subject with mortal I likeface to face coverag so I am able to see a reaction t our discussion. why I chose the OLS heavy(p) feedback to a classmate in a distance learning environment be different from giving face-to-fac e feedback 80% of communication is by the tone of voice we use, facial expression and in body language. Only 20% is in the words.If in a distance learning environment you have to very carefully pick your words so as to not be misunderstood or give offence. If face-to-face you could instantly see that soemone has misunderstood what youre saying and could change it accordingly. Both however require honesty and openness. The usual best way of giving feedback is the sandwich technique you say something good, then tell what they could improve on (never say they did something wrong), and finish on a positive something like I rightfully liked the way you wrote that story.I wouldnt have minded if there had been more dialogue and less description, but overall I think you got the nitty-gritty over really well. When youre glossing on a post from someone, one tip you want to remember is your online tone is harder to distinguish than a face to face tone. Emoticons and jokes may seem juvenile , but they may keep a joke from being taken seriously. Also, in MS Word, when youre reading someones paper, you can highlight a phrase, click insert comment, and comment away and it shows up very clearly what part of the paper you would like to comment on or edit. Save it with the comments and email it back to them.

A Study On Construction Risk Management Engineering Essay

This paper discusses quite a little in the create effort and how structure swerveors be viewing with it. A aggregation of adept sentiments and theories, this paper discusses the oecumenical jeopardy means theoretical account from opportunity appellative, appraisal and analysis of hazard, and commanding and pull hit hazard. discussion of construct indemnification and building nonplusing be discussed, each(prenominal) bit untroubled as how they atomic number 18 utilised as tools in building hazard command. The experience qualifier is explored in how it is of import in a building hazard postulateion plan. In add-on, a checklist is deliver the goodsd that soaringlights the most general points that need to be considered in a hazard focalisation plan.The building industry could see to be 1 of the most dynamic, hazardous, and dis instaling industries in the universe. In add-on, the building industry has a re every last(predicate)y hapless(prenominal) repute for pull offing hazard, with m some(prenominal) major attempts neglecting to run into deadlines and cost marks ( Mills, 2001 ) . Mevery generation this consequences in hapless task national presentation ( Tah 2000 ) . This is greatly influenced by the fact that this industry is exposed to many altering variables of several(predicate) magnitudes. near of the more usu totallyy known variables atomic number 18 weather, masterductiveness of labour and equipment, and quality of stuffs. All excessively oftentimes, hazards are either ignored, or dealt with in a wholly arbitrary manner. One of these shipway whitethorn be by merely adding a 10 per cent numberuality onto the estimated cost of a toil with the premise that this allow c all over any of these likely and unknown variables. In an industry like building, this attack whitethorn be unequal, ensuing in expensive extends, extenuation, judicial proceeding, or even bankruptcy. Of equal importance, any asseverator who has lo st a cable delinquent to turning in a high command, may non wish entertaining the thought that this method of utilizing degreeuality as a hazard focal point tool may h overage been the cause of losing a command on a occupation. A small cooking and apprehension of what the possible hazard were for the engender aided by the appropriate natural processs, may hold allowed the contractile organ to hold won the command and still be in a place of being protected from these industry variables that may hold been enperiling during the brio of the building trade union movement.In building, building directors and proprietors study hazard, the possible identification of unsought effects from jeopardies originating from a possible event on the building on a lower floortake, the appraisal of the acceptableness of the hazards, and the teaching of unacceptable hazards ( Hipel, 2000 ) . On a building position for illustration, the chance of a building sound ( unwanted effect ) is a haz ard caused that crumb be caused by a recourse job ( insecurity ) at the occupation site ( event ) . lay on the line direction is the term for the systematic analysis and control of hazard, much(prenominal) as forestalling building accidents from go oning.Hazard in general pervades modern society and is grandly acknowledged, it continues to do ageless contention and argument ( Hipel, 2000 ) . The definition of hazard contains two constituents the chance of an unwanted effect of an event and the earnestness of that effect. Hazard is the chance that an inauspicious event occurs during a declared period of clip ( Royal Society 1991 ) .The ground that building, when compared to an an otherwise(prenominal)(prenominal) concern industry sections, has an increased leaning for hazard state of affairss is because of the legion booby traps involved with this industry. These booby traps represent repeating jobs that significantly affect some(prenominal) cost and agendas for about any typ e of building labor movement ( Palmer 10 ) . The following tabular array illust measures these usual booby traps ( Palmer 11 ) ownerInterior designercontractile organFailure to fund wrong programs and eyeglassesDecelerate to mobiliseOwner-furnished stuffsnon in stock(predicate)Shop pulling followup and stuff blessingFailure to staff undertakingMajor alterations in demandsImproper or delayed alteration ordersFailure to supply sufficient equipmentFailure to do advancement paymentsFailure to tog out between primesFailure to organizeInterventionInadequate informationInadequate undertaking direction controls encounter direction is an of import dispense of the decision-making procedure of all building companies. Hazard and un authorizedness can potentially hold damaging effects for some building undertakings. Hazard can impact productiveness, prevalent presentation, quality, and the budget of a undertaking. Hazards on a building undertaking can non be eliminated, but it can be mini mized, transferred, or retained ( Mills, 2001 ) . It is recommended that directors involved in the building procedure implement hazard direction techniques from the origin of a undertaking to its shutting. While there are different direction theoretical accounts easy ( see figure 1 for an illustration ) , they by and large follow a confusable form. This form is modeled afterward the undermenti championd stairssDesignation of HazardAppraisal and Analysis of HazardControling and Managing of the HazardRisk direction is non a refreshed construct and is considered to be a systematic attack to covering with hazard. Much research has been done in rating and direction of hazard ( Kangari 1989 ) . Successful asserters moldiness understand and pull off the hazards that are encountered with building ( amends Institute of America 1995 ) . Traditionally it has been applied instinctively, with hazards staying implicit and managed by judgement, informed by experience. The systematic attack binds the hazards clear, officially depicting them and doing them easier to pull off. In other words, systematic hazard direction is a direction tool, which requires practical experience and preparation in the tradition of the techniques ( Mills 245 ) . Harmonizing to Godfrey ( 1996 ) , systematic hazard direction helps toIdentify, buttocks, and caste hazards, doing the hazards explicit Focus on the major hazards of the undertaking Make informed determination on the proviso for hardship, e.g. extenuation steps Minimize possible disablement should the worst happen Control the unsure facets of building undertakings Clarify and formalise the telephoner s function and the functions of others in the hazard direction procedure.Identify the chances to heighten undertaking open presentationIt has been found that the designation of each hazard is an indispensable first measure in hazard direction and is perchance the most hard. The designation of each beginning of hazard and the consti tuents of that hazard constituent allows the hazard point to be separated from others ( Williams 1995 ) . Consideration of each act uponing factor allow for modify the analysis and direction of the hazard. In hazard designation, the cardinal inquiry to inquire is What are the distinct characteristics of the undertaking ( hazard beginnings ) that might do such adversity? ( Godfrey 1996 ) .The pragmatism of hazard estimations increases as the undertaking returns. However, the major determinations should be made archaean in the life of the undertaking, as eventuality stairss need to be put into topographic point to counter the hazard. So despite the troubles, a practical(prenominal) estimation of the concluding cost and continuance of the entire undertaking is need every bit early as possible. The Oklahoman that possible jobs and the associated hazards are identified in a building undertaking, the Oklahoman better direction techniques and determinations can be made to assure tha t the undertaking is non a job from the start. on that point is a 2nd, but every bit of import, ground for the early designation of hazard and uncertainness, it focuses the attending of project direction on the schemes for the control and storage allocation of hazard, e.g. through the pick of a contract scheme, buying of amends and bonding ( Mills 248 ) .After hazard is identified, the hazard mustiness be assessed for chance of bing on the building undertaking, and possible effects from happening and analyzed. Risk appraisal is the rating of the comparative importance of an estimated hazard with regard to other hazards faced by the population, the benefits of the activity beginning of the hazard, and the costs of pull offing the hazard ( Hipel 2000 ) . The impact of a hazard can be measured as the likeliness of a specific unwanted event and its unwanted effects or passing game and can be shown mathematically whereRI = L x CWhereRI = Risk ImpactL = LikelihoodC = ConsequenceHazar d and uncertainness are portion of all building compute regardless of the size of it of the undertaking. Other hazard factors that carry hazard include complexness, velocity of building, location of the undertaking, and acquaintance with the work. These variables must be assessed in complys to their impact on the undertaking, which is unremarkably monetary in social organization. When serious hazards occur on undertakings the effects can be really detrimental. In utmost instances, clip and cost overproductions turn a potentially profitable undertaking into a passing-making venture.Research has showed that cost and clip marks are much missed due to unanticipated events that even an experient undertaking director can non expect. These events are known in progress, but their extent could frequently non be quantified. For illustration, industrial differences, delayed determinations, or changed land conditions may all be anticipated, but their likeliness and impact are catchy to foretell with any preciseness as no two building undertakings are the identical this makes it of import to place hazard beginnings for each undertaking ( Mills 246 ) . It is recommended that it may be utile to group hazards woundonizing to simple steps of their chance and likely impact, by concentrating on what is of import and the action that controls the hazard.In a building undertaking, the result can ever be unexpected, as costs may be less than anticipated, the conditions may be sort, grosss may transcend outlook. Therefore, hazards can sometimes be viewed every bit good every bit long as they are allowed for. Indeed, it is the function of a building director to pull off hazard on behalf of the building client, and in return derive income or assoil income from the undertaking ( Mills 246 ) .Hazard analysis is the systematic appraisal of determination variables that are capable to hazard and uncertainness ( Edwards 1998 ) . The hazard analysis procedure is a portion of the hazard direction procedure in consisting the chance of happening of inauspicious events the scene of as snappering bounds to associated uncertainnesss and the measuring of the possible impact of hazard event results.When building hazard is to be analyzed, some of the undermentioned hazard factors should be considered ( indemnification policy Institute of America 1995 ) A. Project-specific hazard factors1. Contract-owner relatedRepute of the contract proprietorOwner s undertaking reinforcement2. Contract papers relatedPlans and specificationsContract termChemical bond mannikins3. Performance RelatedProject Management and supervisingSize of the undertakingComplexity of the workSite and subsurface conditionsThe labour force and labour costsSubcontractsMaterials aspect equipmentTime to get down and finish the workLiquidated amendssCare warrants and care periodsWeather conditionsBid spreadsGeographic locationsEstimated gross net incomeContribution to operating net income ( loss ) Dependability of cost estimationsB. Work backlog hazard factorsCapacity of the avower s organisationContractor s financial capacityNumber of contracts and hazard categorizationsThere are different tools and techniques used for analysing hazard and doing determinations under hazard. There are many ways to make this, from the reasonably simple to those that require a computing machine as a minimal tool. These tools bugger off different complexnesss. Risk direction is one facet of direction scientific discipline. There are two wide classs of direction scientific discipline techniques deterministic, and probabilistic ( or called stochastic ) . Deterministic techniques assume that the values of the determination variables are known with 100 % certainty, which is seldom the instance with building ( Flanagan 69 ) .Probabilistic or stochastic techniques on the other manus, are concerned with factors that can non be estimated with certainty, such as most informations associated with buil ding ( Flanagan 69 ) . The following tabular array contains techniques that largely provide quantitative solutions, and integrate some subjectiveness, but are by and large used as decision-making techniques in analysing hazard and reacting to hazard ( Flanagan 1993 ) .Decision-making TechniqueWhere they are usedThe Risk PremiumHazard ResponseRisk-adjusted price reduction rateHazard ResponseSubjective ProbabilityHazard ResponseDecision Analysis-Algorithms-Means-end analysis-Decision Matrix-Bayesian ModelHazard Analysis/Risk ClassificationSensitivity AnalysisHazard ResponseMonte Carlo simulationHazard ResponsePortfolio TheoryStochastic LateralityWhen mensurating hazard, the likeliness, or the chance, of an inauspicious event, is normally expressed in footings of the figure of such events expected to happen in a twelvemonth ( Godfrey, 1996 ) . The effect of an inauspicious event, sometimes called harm, is frequently expressed in pecuniary footings. In the instance of human deaths or se rious holds, it is more appropriate to utilize other steps, like yearss lost, or experience alteration military rating ( Godfrey, 1996 ) .The hazard direction program should order processs that address the inactive and dynamic hazards built-in to the undertaking. The end of the program is to minimise the proprietor s exposure to hazard from the start of design to tenancy and through the guarantee period, every bit good as the avower and interior decorator s hazards.The program should vehemence hazard consciousness. It should include processs that will place inactive and dynamic hazards, evaluate their possible loss value, and prescribe ways to efficaciously dispose of them in ways that serve the proprietor s best involvements.The conventional agencies of hazard disposal are toExtinguish the hazard, by taking an alternate class of actionShed the hazard, by allowing soulfulness else bear the loadAssign the hazard to others, by under stand or contractRetain the hazard and minimise it through micromanagement ( Haltenhoff 1998 ) .The list of hazards could be significant because it should be every bit spaciotemporal as possible. It should be started at the brainstorming session and continued throughout the procedure of the building undertaking until it is complete. Every squad member should be hazard, quality, and safety-conscious and return to the list as hazards are identified. The best attack is to ever maintain a what if attitude when be aftering action or pondering determinations. Persons involved in the undertaking should non measure hazards to find their suitableness for the list. All hazards should be forwarded to the top direction for rating ( Haltenhoff 1998 ) . It is besides of import to keep the hazard informations for usage in future(a) undertakings.The obvious hazards built-in to a building undertaking can be identified by undertaking members and their experience. Typically, this may be the firsthand beginning for the hatchway of hazard on t he undertaking. Experienced building companies can probably lend a starter list accumulated from past undertakings and from the hazard informations that was collected. It is of import in hazard direction for the building undertaking members to add hazards to the list as they are discovered and experienced with.Risk direction should be a standing point on every squad meeting docket, because risk-management determinations should be inactive whenever possible. Inactive decisions can merely be made if the hazards are identified early plenty to ease squad action. The major risk-management solution tool to be utilized is policy certificate bonding is a close second. pass due to accidents and non-performing contractors has the highest potency of all individual hazards. However, both these hazards are inactive hazards normally dealt with on every building undertaking and should be considered. The end should be to reexamine all identifiable hazards by precedence and desex up processs to decrease the potency of each one. Hazard direction is a portion of contracting and building that must be micro-managed ( Haltenhoff 1998 ) . In general, it is of import to retrieve that a hazard direction system should set up an appropriate context set ends and aims place and analyse hazards influence hazard decision-making and proctor and reappraisal hazard responses. ( Edwards 1998 ) .The hazard inherent in every building undertaking can be assumed by another fellowship, assumed separately, or shared by holding parties. The chief guideline in finding whether a hazard should be transferred is whether the having party has both the competency to reasonably measure the hazard and the expertness necessary to command or minimise it ( Hartman, 1996 ) . It was found that both parties must hold a clear and similar apprehension of the hazard. Contracting parties who do non hold a shared apprehension of its answerability may mishandle the hazard event by presuming that the event or its corresponding effects are non their commerce ( Hartman 1996 ) . The term ownership of hazard has a assortment of significances includingholding a avocation in the benefit or injury that may originate from the activity that leads to the hazard debt instrument for the hazard answerability for the control of hazard fiscal trading for the whole or portion of the injury arising from the hazard should it happen ( Godfrey 1996 ) .In a hazard allotment study by Roozbeh ( 1995 ) , respondents were asked to put hazard associated with building into collar classs allotment of the hazard to the contractor, allotment of hazard to the proprietor, or a sharing of the hazard. The hazard allotment procedure of the respondents is shown in Table I and the layer of importance of hazard is shown in Table II. A similar study carried out by ASCE in 1979 showed that contractors were less willing to accept, or even portion hazard, preferring alternatively that proprietors accept duty for most buildi ng hazards. Responses to the two studies showed pronounced differences in sentiment sing third-party holds, Acts of the Apostless of God, damages, and existent measures of work ( Mills 247 ) .Typical allotment of hazard in a building undertakingHazard ALLOCATIONHazard DESCRIPTIONContractorLabour and Equipment ProductivityQuality of workLabour, Equipment, and Material AvailabilitySafetyDefective MaterialContractor Competence pompousnessActual Measures of WorkLabour DisputesOwnerDiffering Site ConditionssDefective DesignSite Access/right of manner licenses and regulations substitutes in Government RegulationsDelay payment of contractChanges in WorkSharedFiscal Failure any partyChange-order dialoguesContract-delay declarationUndecidedActs of GodThird-party holds justificative EngineeringDegree of Importance of HazardImportanceHazard ALLOCATIONHazard DESCRIPTIONMost ImportantContractorContractorContractorOwnerOwnerSafetyQuality of WorkLabor and Equipment ProductivityDefective DesignCon struction Competence/delayed paymentLeast ImportantOwnerOwnerUndecidedUndecidedChanges in Government RegulationsSite access/right of manner licenses and ordinances/inflationActs of GodDefensive EngineeringAs discussed, building work has many associated hazards. Some of these hazards by nature are risky, and accidents can be frequent and frequently terrible on a building site. The one-year toll of deceases, personal hurts, and attribute harm in the building industry has been highly high at times ( Clough 166 ) . When one is making research on hazard direction, a batch of information sing damages is found. That is because after building hazards are identified, analyzed, and assessed building indemnity is the lonely(prenominal) manner to safeguard against the possibility of the appointed hazard from going a fiscal menace. redress is one of the most habitual hazard direction tools available to building directors and proprietors in making a eventuality for the hazard variables that may originate during a undertaking amends is a pool of money, sustained by gifts paid by an correspondent group of control s, that is called upon to cover specified losingss when they occur. Premiums fluctuate in response to losingss as a agency of keeping the degree of the pool. Insurance is a competitory concern where indemnification companies are invariably seeking new insured s. Premium charges are competitory from indemnity company to redress company and adjusted harmonizing to the loss experience of the insured s ( Haltenhoff 294 ) .Construction insurance is call for in three countries Owner Protection, CM and A/E Protection, and Contractor Protection. divergent building bringing methods and multiple catching do non alter the traditional signifiers and reportage s of insurance but trade with some of them otherwise. Construction industry insurance is a extremely specialised field and building directors are normally non expected to hold insurance experts on their staff . However, a wide scholarship of insurance is necessary to assist the proprietor set up a static-risk protection plan that provides level-headed coverage and is compatible with the CM catching construction ( Haltenhoff 297 ) .The possible badness of building accidents and the frequence with which they can happen necessitate that the contractor protect himself with a assortment of complex and expensive insurance coverage s. Without equal insurance protection, the contractor would be continuously faced with the fleeting possibility of serious or even catastrophic fiscal loss ( Clough 166 ) .Construction undertakings normally have in force several coincident contractual agreements between different parties. These understandings can be between proprietor and architect-engineer, between proprietor and general contractor, and between the general contractor and his several subcontractors. Contracts that provide for design-construct and building direction table services and the usage of separate premier contracts can present excess considerations in the dialogue of the contract. When looking at all of these agreements as a whole within the building undertaking, these contracts can set up a mixed construction of duties for amendss originating out of the building operations ( Clough 166 ) . Liability for accidents can be placed on the proprietor or architect-engineer, every bit good as on the premier contractor and subcontractors whose equipment and employees perform the existent work. Many building contracts typically require the contractor to presume the proprietor and architect-engineer s legal financial obligation for building accidents or to supply insurance for the proprietor s direct protection. Consequently, a contractor s insurance plan usually includes coverage s to protect individuals other than himself and to protect him from liabilities non legally his ain ( Clough 166 ) .An insurance policy is a conditional contract under which the insurance compa ny promises, for a consideration, to presume fiscal duty for a specified loss or financial obligation. The policy itself is a legal papers incorporating many commissariats refering to the loss against which it affords protection ( Clough 167 ) . Basically, the jurisprudence of insurance is identified with the jurisprudence of contracts. However, because of its confidant association with macrocosm usual assistance, the insurance field is closely controlled and purely regulated by federal and province legislative acts. Each province has an insurance regulative bureau that administers that province s insurance codification, a set of statutory commissariats that imposes ordinances on insurance companies refering investings, militias, one-year fiscal statements, and periodic scrutinies. Insurance companies are controlled as to their organisational construction, fiscal personal businesss, and concern methods. In most provinces insurance policies must conform to statutory demands as to organize and content ( Clough 167 ) . The province of Oklahoma has the Oklahoma Insurance Department ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.oid.state.ok.us/ ) with the mission statement to serve and protect the insurance purchasing populace. This will be accomplished by guaranting that consumers have available a solvent insurance market, a knowing industry from which to buy insurance, and by supplying high-quality policyholder service and instruction. To this terminal, the Department will implement the insurance Torahs and ordinances of this province impartially and expeditiously. This organisation is an illustration of a province regulative bureau that administers the province s insurance codification.A loss suffered by a contractor as a consequence of his ain calculated action can non be recovered by the contractor under an insurance policy. However, carelessness or inadvertence on the portion of the contractor will non by and large annul the insurance contract. The contractor must p ay a grant as the consideration for the insurance company s promise of protection against the designated loss. Many types of insurance require the exchange premium to be paid in progress before the policy becomes a force and consequence. In the event of a loss covered by an insurance policy, the contractor can non retrieve more than his loss that is, he can non do a net income at the expenditure of the insurance company ( Clough 167 ) .Insurance companies can be organized as stock companies or as common companies. The stock companies are organized in a mode similar to that of a bank, and ownership is vested in shareholders. The proprietor of an insurance policy has no ownership in the company and assumes no hazard of appraisal if the insurance company encounters fiscal contraries ( Clough 167 ) .A common company is one in which the policyholders constitute the members of the sing company and association. Every policyholder of the common company is, at the same clip, an insurance company and an insured. If it happens that the premiums collected are in surplus of the losingss, the surplus is returned to the policyholders dividends . By the same distributor point, if losingss outweigh income, appraisals of the policyholders may be possible. State Torahs permit common companies that repay certain trials to- bound or extinguish the appraisal that can be levied against the members. Consequently, the policies of many common companies are non-assessable. This varies well with the bylaws and policies of the single common company. In attribute and casualty insurance, a field of insurance particularly of import to contractors, several mutuals are among the largest companies. In life insurance likely a bulk of the largest companies are mutuals ( Clough 167 ) .With the many jeopardies that confront the building concern and the many types of insurance types that a contractor can purchase for protection and hazard direction, it could be considered to be difficult for a contractor to make up ones mind merely what insurance is truly needed on building undertaking. In world, the contractor rather frequently has no pick. For illustration, it is standard pattern that building contracts require the contractor to supply certain insurance coverages ( Clough 167-168 ) . Construction contracts typically make the contractor responsible for obtaining coverages such as workingmans s honorarium insurance, contractor s public liability and property harm insurance, and contractor s contingent liability insurance. space insurance to protect and liability insurance to protect the proprietor may be made the duty of either the proprietor or the contractor, depending on the contract ( Clough 167-168 ) .There are many illustrations of particular insurance being required by contract when the building involves unusual hazards or conditions. When the contract delegates to the contractor specific duty for obtaining certain insurance, it is customary that he be required to subject insurance certifications to the proprietor or the architect-engineer as weighty evidence that the coverage stipulated has, in fact, been provided ( Clough 167-168 ) . Some Construction contracts require the contractor to keep the proprietor and architect-engineer harmless by accepting any liability that either of them may incur because of operations performed under the contract. Most contract paperss that contain such insurance clauses are expressed in necessitating the contractor to secure appropriate contractual liability insurance ( Clough 167-168 ) . With respect to contractual insurance demands, it is ever good pattern for a contractor to subject a transcript of the contract paperss to his insurance company while the occupation is being bid and before building operations commence for analysis. The contractor is non normally an insurance expert and is non truly competent to measure the hazards and liabilities placed on-him by the contract. The contractors insurance a gents or agents are qualified to analyse the paperss and rede him refering the insurance demands dictated by the linguistic communication of a given building contract ( Clough 167-168 ) . authoritative sorts of insurance are required by jurisprudence, and the contractor must supply them whether or non they are called for by the contract. Workmen s compensation motor vehicle unemployment and old age, subsister s, and disablement insurance are illustrations of coverages required by legislative act. The jurisprudence makes the independent contractor apt for amendss caused by his Acts of the Apostless of skip or committee. In add-on, the premier contractor has a contingent liability for the actions of his subcontractors. Therefore, whether or non the jurisprudence is specific refering certain types of insurance, the contractor as a practical fact must secure several different classs of liability insurance to protect himself from his legal duty for amendss caused by his ain building o perations every bit good as those of his subcontractors ( Clough 168-169 ) .Aside from coverages required by jurisprudence and the building contract, it is the contractor s prerogative to make up ones mind what insurance shall be carried. such elected coverages pertain chiefly to the contractor s ain belongings or to belongings for which he is responsible. It is non economically possible for the contractor to transport all the insurance coverages available to him. That is why a contractor must measure the hazard with a hazard direction program in order to make up ones mind which tools of insurance demand to be utilized. If he purchased insurance protection against every hazard that is insurable, the cost of the ensuing premiums would enforce an impossible fiscal load on the building company. The extent and magnitude of a contractor s insurance plan can be decided merely after careful survey, appraisal, and analysis. If a hazard is insurable, the cost of the premiums must be balanc ed against the possible loss and the chance of its happening and a determination must be made to what the contractor is willing to hazard. There are building hazards that are non insurable, and associated losingss must be regarded merely as ordinary concern disbursals ( Clough 169 ) .At times careful planning and punctilious building processs can minimise a hazard at less cost than the premium of a covering insurance policy. This becomes a halfway point of hazard direction. Thus the contractor may take to presume a deliberate hazard instead than to pay a high insurance premium. A contractor with experience in executing this procedure can salvage money and finally make an border over other contractors offering on the same building work. A common illustration by Richard Clough Tells of presuming such a hazard involves building that is to be erected instantly next to an bing construction. If the nature of the new building is such that the bing construction may be endangered by colony or prostration, the contractor has two classs of action unfastened to him. As one option he can include in his estimation the premium for a prostration policy. Such protection is high in cost and is by and large available merely with significant deductible sums. Alternatively, the contractor can presume the hazard himself without insurance protection, taking to give on his accomplishment and on unnecessaryordinary safeguards in building processs to acquire the occupation done without bad luck ( Clough 1981 ) .Insurance coverages are complex, and each new building contract presents its ain jobs. The contractor should choose a competent insurance agent or agent who is experienced in building work and familiar with contractors insurance jobs. Without competent advice, the contractor is rather apt either to incur the gratuitous disbursal of overlapping protection or to expose himself to the danger of critical spreads in his insurance coverage. The contractor can frequently cut down h is insurance cost by maintaining his representative advised in item as to the nature and behavior of his building operations ( Clough 1981 ) .There are many different types of building insurance coverages, and non every policy is applicable to any one building undertaking. The types vary for each undertaking. The undermentioned checklist ( Clough 170-173 ) is non represented as being a complete list of insurance that could be needed on a building undertaking or as portion of a hazard direction plan, but it does incorporate insurance coverages typical of the building industry.Property Insurance on UndertakingAll-risk builder s hazard insurance This insurance protects against all hazards of direct corporal loss or harm to the undertaking or to associated stuffs and occupation equipment caused by any external consequence, with celebrated exclusions.Builder s hazard fire insurance The basic policy provides protection for the undertaking, including stored stuffs and occupation equipme nt, against direct loss by fire or lightning. A figure of separate authorisations to the builder s hazard fire insurance policy are available that add coverage for specific losingss.Extended coverage indorsement This covers belongings against all direct loss caused by windstorm, hail, detonation, public violence, civil disturbance, aircraft, vehicles, and fume.Vandalism and malicious mischievousness indorsementWater harm indorsement Insurance of this type indemnifies for loss or harm caused by inadvertent discharge, escape, or overflow of H2O or steam. Included are bad pipes, roofs, and H2O armored combat vehicles. This does non include harm caused by sprinkler escape, inundations, or high H2O.Earthquake insurance This coverage may be provided by an indorsement to the builder s hazard policy in some provinces. Elsewhere a separate policy must be issued.Bridge insurance This insurance is of the inland Marine type and is frequently termed the span builder s hazard policy. It aff ords protection during building against harm that may be caused by fire, lightning, inundation, ice, hit, detonation, public violence, hooliganism, air current, twister, and temblor.Steam boiler and machinery insurance A contractor or proprietor may buy this signifier of insurance when the boiler equipment of a edifice under building is being tested and balanced or when being used to heat the construction for stick oning, floor laying, or other intents. strange other belongings insurances listed here, this type includes some liability coverage. This policy covers any hurt or harm that may happen to or be caused by the boiler during its use by the contractor.Installation musca volitans policy Insurance of this type provides protection for belongings of assorted sorts such as undertaking equipment and machinery ( heat up and air conditioning systems, for illustration ) from the clip that it leaves the topographic point of cargo until it is installed on the undertaking and tested. Coverage terminates when the insured s involvement in the belongings ceases, when the belongings is accepted, or when it is taken over by the proprietor.Property Insurance on Contractor s Own PropertyFire insurance on contractor s ain edifices This coverage affords protection for offices, sheds, warehouses, and stored contents. Endorsements for extended coverage and for hooliganism and malicious mischievousness are besides available.Contractor s equipment insurance This type of policy, frequently termed a musca volitans, insures a contractor s building equipment regardless of its location.Motor truck lading policy This insurance covers loss by named jeopardies to stuffs or equipment carried on the contractor s ain trucks from provider to warehouse or constructing site.Transportation musca volitans Insurance of this type provides all-risk or named-peril protection for a contractor s or proprietor s edifice stuffs and equipment while being delivered.Burglary, robbery, and larceny insurance This signifier of insurance protects the contractor against the loss of money or negotiable securities through burglary, larceny, robbery, devastation, disappearing, or unlawful abstraction.Fidelity bond This surety bond affords the contractor protection against loss caused by dishonesty of their employees.Dishonesty, devastation, and disappearing policy A all-around(prenominal) policy of this signifier protects against the loss of money and securities, on and off the premises, caused by dishonesty, cryptic disappearing, or devastation. It insures against dishonesty of employees, loss of money and securities, loss of securities in safety sedimentation, and counterfeit.Valuable documents devastation insurance This policy protects the contractor against the loss, harm, or devastation of valuable documents such as books, records, maps, drawings, abstracts, workss, mortgages, contracts, and paperss. It does non cover loss by malposition, unexplained disappearing, wear and tear, impairment, varmint, or war.Liability InsuranceEmployer s liability insurance This insurance is customarily written in combination with workingmans s compensation insurance. It affords the contractor wide coverage for personal hurt or decease of an employee in the class of his employment, but outside of and distinct from any claims under workingmans s compensation Torahs.Contractor s public liability and belongings harm insurance This insurance protects the contractor from his legal liability for hurts to individuals non in his employ and for harm to the belongings of others, which belongings is non in the contractor s attention, detention, or control, when such hurts or damage originate out of the operations of the contractor.Contractor s protective public and belongings harm liability insurance This protects the contractor against his liability imposed by jurisprudence originating out of Acts of the Apostless or skips of his subcontractors.Contractual liability insurance This signifier of insurance is required when one party to a contract, by footings of that contract, assumes certain legal liabilities of the other party. The usual signifiers of liability insurance do non afford this coverage.Owner s protective liability insurance This insurance protects the proprietor from his contingent liability for amendss originating from the operations of the contractor of his subcontractors.Completed operations liability insurance This signifier of insurance protects the contractor from harm claims stemming from his alleged faulty public presentation on undertakings since completed and handed over to the proprietor. The usual signifiers of liability insurance provide protection merely while the contractor is executing his work and non after it has been competed and accepted by the proprietor.Employee InsuranceWorkmen s compensation insurance This insurance provides all benefits required by jurisprudence to employees killed or injured in the class of thei r employment.Old age, subsisters , and disablement insurance This all-federal insurance system operated by the United States authorities provides old-age benefits to an insured worker and his household, subsister s benefits to his household when the worker dies, and disablement benefits.Unemployment insurance This federal-state insurance program provides workers with a hebdomadal income during periods of unemployment between occupations.Disability insurance This insurance, required by some provinces, provides benefits to employees for disablements caused by non-occupational accidents and disease.Motor Vehicle InsuranceAssorted signifiers of insurance are available in connexion with ownership and usage of cars and trucks. Liability coverages protect the contractor against third-party claims of bodily hurt or belongings harm affecting the contractor s vehicles or non-owned vehicles that are used in his involvement. Collision insurance, together with comprehensive fire and larceny coverage, indemnifies the contractor for harm to his ain vehicles.Business, Accident, and Life InsuranceBusiness break insurance This insurance is designed to reimburse the proprietor for losingss suffered because of and break of his concern.Sole trademarked insurance A policy of this type provides hard currency to help inheritors in go oning or disposing of the concern without forfeit in the even of decease of the proprietor.Accident insurance on spouses or cardinal work forcesLife insurance on spouses or cardinal work forces This insurance reimburses the concern for fiscal loss ensuing from the decease of a cardinal adult male in the concern. It besides builds up a sinking fund to be available on his retirement. stem life insurance contractors frequently purchase life insurance for their employees. This affords protection for each participant at a low group cost, the premium for which may be paid entirely or partially by the contractor. Extra sums can frequently be purchased by the employees at their ain disbursal.Group hospitalization insurance such insurance screens hospitalization and surgical disbursals incurred by covered employees. Policies are frequently written to include the households of the employees. A part of the premium may be paid by the employer and the balance by the persons insured.It is of import to retrieve that insurance used in hazard direction, is valuable merely every bit long as the insurance policy is in consequence. The cancellation of an insurance policy can be lay waste toing if a loss occurs during a period for which no coverage exists. Although an proprietor may non be in a place to qualify that insurance policies can non be canceled, added protection is ensure if the proprietor requires anterior presentment of such a cancellation ( Hinze 2001 ) .Surety bonds and insurance are considered to both be inactive hazard transportation devices paid for by premiums. In general, these are the lone chief similarities between these two hazard direction tools. The chief difference between insurance and surety bonds is that insurance companies take for granted that losingss will happen and surety bond companies do non presuppose that losingss will go on refering the building undertaking ( Haltenhoff 294 ) .If the contractor fails to execute in conformism with the contract, a bond can protect the proprietor. Sometimes an proprietor requires a bond from the contractor before a building undertaking is started. Many times, cogent evidence on the portion of the contractor is required to demo if the contractor is able to obtain the defined bond required by the proprietor. The proprietor may pay for this bond but wants to cognize before come ining into an understanding the sum of money required. If a contractor has an understanding with an proprietor to execute a certain range of work for a specific monetary value and does nt finish the work, the adhering company will either pay for work to be completed or happen pe rson to finish the work. However, the bonding company is responsible merely up to the sum of the contract ( Gould 2003 ) .Surety bonds underwrite a fiscal duty of one party to another much the same as when a note co-signer hacks up a borrower of financess. If the borrower fails to refund the financess harmonizing to the note s judicial admissions, the co-signer is law plenteousy obligated to make so. When this occurs, the co-signer s resort is to seek restitution from the borrower ( Haltenhoff 294 ) .In the building industry, a surety bond is a pledge from a 3rd party ( the Surety ) to finish a contracted duty to a 2nd party ( the Owner ) made by a first party ( the Contractor ) who can non, for whatever ground, finish the contracted duty to the 2nd party. A surety bureau is paid a premium by the contractor for providing the bond to the proprietor, and the cost of the bond is passed on to the proprietor as portion of the contractor s cost of the undertaking ( Haltenhoff 294 ) .Unlik e a building insurance policy, a surety s credence of a contractor as a client is based on the contractor s fiscal resources and public presentation record, non on fiscal ability to pay premiums. The contractor s capacity sing their fiscal resources and public presentation record must be established and maintained to the satisfaction of the surety if a surety-contractor relationship is to be. The fiscal and capital assets of a contractor are an indicant of ability to refund the surety if the contractor thoughtlessnesss on a undertaking and the surety becomes must go involved. Normally, a contractor s fiscal province determines the size of the building undertakings in which the contractor can offer and obtain. A contractor with considerable assets will be permitted by the surety to offer and work on undertakings that contractors with lesser assets will non. By set uping adhering capacities, sureties determine which contractors can offer which undertakings ( Haltenhoff 294 ) .The bui lding contractor is obligated to refund all costs expended by the surety to finish the contractor s duties, even if it forces the contractor into bankruptcy. If the contractor defers to its surety, even though the contractor to the full repays the surety, the surety may break up its relationship with the contractor. Once dropped by a surety, a contractor normally will hold great trouble happening another surety company willing to supply a surety bond. Because surety bonds are required on most public sector undertakings and many private sector undertakings, losing a bonding beginning excludes a contractor from a big portion of the building market topographic point ( Haltenhoff 294 ) . Since it takes considerable clip, attempt, and resources to restore a building company as bindable, it is neer in the involvement of the company to be put in a place of defaulting on a surety.There are many types of surety bonds and three of them are signally of import to construction undertaking bring ing command bonds, public presentation bonds, and labour and secular bonds ( Haltenhoff 1998 ) . Haltenhoff described them asBid bonds regenerate teller s cheques on undertakings where a command security is required as portion of a contractor s command. The command security backs up a bidder s pledge to accept a contract award if offered. If the contractor refuses an award, or for some ground can non come in into the contract, an sum equal to the difference between the contractor s command and the following highest command is forfeited by the contractor to the proprietor ( normally as liquidated amendss ) . As liquidated amendss, the sum forfeited can non transcend the difference between the commands or the face value of the command security, whichever is less. If a command bond is provided as security, the surety is pledged to pay the difference, if the contractor fails to make so. The extent of the surety s engagement is stated in the bonding papers.Performance bonds backs up an awarded contractor s pledge to finish his contracted duty to the exact demands and footings of the contract paperss. In the event it is determined that the contractor will non or can non finish his obligations, the surety is pledged to accept the duty in sort for the contracted sum. The surety has several options. The contractor can be retained by the surety and be made to finish the undertaking. The surety can replace the contractor with another contractor ( s ) . The surety can pay the proprietor the face value of the public presentation bond. In either of the first two options, the outstanding sum due the contractor at the point of default is paid to the surety when earned, harmonizing to the footings of the contract. The nature and extent of the surety s engagement and its specific options are stated in the public presentation bond.Labor and material payment bonds protect the proprietor from paying twice for the labour, stuffs, and services in project building. In the event a p arty that docs non hold a contract with the proprietor but who has one with a party that has a contract with the proprietor is non paid by the party with the contract, the party that was non paid normally has a legal right to reassign the unpaid sum to the proprietor for direct payment. Most provinces have mechanic s lien Torahs that allow unpaid parties to efficaciously go co-owners of an proprietor s belongings to the dollar value of the unpaid sum. To cast the co-owner s fiscal rights under the lien, the proprietor must pay the sum owed, irrespective of whether or non it was antecedently paid by the proprietor to the party who owed the money to the claimant. The labour and material payment bond shifts the duty for payment to a surety, alleviating the proprietor of the claim. In some legal powers, liens against public belongings are non permitted to supply the same fiscal claim chance to contractors and providers involved in public undertakings, parties who hold contracts with pro prietors must supply a labour and material payment bond. The extent and footings of the surety s duty is stated in the bond provided to the proprietor by the contractor.In building, contractors maintain something called an experience qualifier, which is numerical in nature. A contractors experience qualifier ( EMR ) encourages contractors to better their safety public presentation while leting the insurance industry to roll up the needed financess to pay for the losingss. The insurance premium nest eggs offered through the experience-rating program about ever outweigh the disbursal needed to better safety public presentation. In other words, safety does so pay. Owners use the EMR to estimate the safety public presentation and experience of the general contractor or premier contractor, and the general contractor uses it to estimate the safety public presentation and experience of its subcontractors. An experience qualifier of.80 agencies that the contractor will have a 20 per centum price reduction on its workers compensation premium. A contractor with an experience qualifier of 1.20 will pay a 20 per centum pick on its workers compensation premium ( Lew 1999 ) .The experience qualifier is something that is normally an of import portion of the hazard direction plan. A batch of determinations based upon analysis are focused around how they will impact the EMR. Harmonizing to J.J. Lew ( 1999 ) , an experience qualifier had the undermentioned features for a contractorAn EMR is more a contemplation of past safety public presentation than current safety public presentation. The EMR is calculated by three full old ages of paysheet and loss information, stoping one twelvemonth prior to the effectual day of the month of the qualifier. A contractor might hold experienced good safety public presentation in the past, but has let the safety procedure oversight, and will non see the effects for possibly one or two old ages.Under a traditional CCIP or OCIP, the employer s experience rate is the rate the employer has with the province for that peculiar policy twelvemonth as written by its bearer of record. Under a wrap-up, one EMR evaluation is established for the full undertaking and the experience is determined by loss choices conducted by the insurance bearer that is composing the policy. This evaluation does non go with the employer it is merely used for the wrap-up undertaking. In one case, it does go, and that is if there are subsequent stages of the same undertaking.In puting up a Controlled Insurance Program on a undertaking, it is noted that a significant sum of item is necessary in these plans. How these inside informations are administratively handled tends to order the success of the plan. If set up decently, the followers can besides be considered good due to execution of a CIPAdministrative betterments. CIP plans provide a system for tracking insurance credits, paysheets, and fiscal coverage on a building site. In add-on, certificatio ns of insurance do non hold to be checked for each contractor at the jobsite, extinguishing the possibility of doing mistakes in look intoing the certifications of insurance for each contractor. CIP besides allows for a system for maintaining path of a contractor s experience qualifier ( EMR ) . With a CIP, there is merely one certification of insurance, thereby extinguishing confusion.Improved undertaking safety. The usage of a CIP enables the operation of an efficient, cost effectual, and results-oriented safety plan. This is made possible through the usage of a co-ordinated attack to project safety, typically through the usage of a Program Safety Consultant. In add-on, littler subcontractors may non be able to supply sophisticated loss control plans on their ain. By utilizing the CIP, the smaller subcontractors can take advantage of extremely proficient skilled safety directors and loss control forces.Proactive. CIP plans are proactive in that through better planning, belongings harm accidents can be reduced or kept from happening while still easing the timely completion of the building undertaking.Allows for competitory commands. The primary benefit that a CIP provides to an proprietor is the chance for obtaining more competitory commands for its building undertakings. This decrease in undertaking cost is made possible by liberating the contractor and all tier subcontractors from the legion and time-consuming insurance-related duties at a building site ( Lew 1999 ) .Godfrey ( 1996 ) found that the greatest grade of uncertainness is encountered early in the life of a new undertaking. Decisions taken during the earliest phases of a undertaking can hold a really big impact on its concluding cost, and continuance. Change is an ineluctable characteristic of any major capital undertaking, but its extent is often underestimated during these early stages ( Mills 246 ) .A technique frequently ignored is to subjugate claims is cultivation of a good client relations hip. Honesty in attack, regard for the client s intelligence, grasp of the proper function of a professional advisor, and common courtesy ( replying phone calls and letters ) are possibly the best techniques to avoid claims and manage building hazards. These are non-legal considerations in add-on to other types of pull offing hazards ( Sweet 316 ) .In the terminal, the load of duty for placing hazards and covering with them remains with the party that carries the hazard. Appendix 1 contains a checklist of points to be considered in a hazard direction plan provided by the Association of General Contractors ( 2001 ) . Risk direction will non take all hazard from a building undertaking its chief focal point is to guarantee that hazards are managed in the most efficient mode. Undertaking directors will acknowledge that the clients must ever transport certain residuary hazards. This hazard must be analyzed in an organized and systematic manner sing the full impact of clip and cost on th e undertaking.Risk direction is non intended to kill off worthwhile undertakings, or to stifle degrees of investing. It aims to guarantee that merely undertakings that are truly worthwhile are sanctioned. When using hazard direction techniques, the attitude of the director is of import and stairss should be taken to guarantee that every bit much pragmatism as possible is included in the analysis.Risk direction should be viewed as a positive procedure, and can be one of the most originative undertakings of the undertaking director. Its purpose is to bring forth realistic outlooks and increase the control of the procedure. In add-on, it can open the manner to happening advanced solutions that may non hold otherwise been considered ( Mills 251 ) .Appendix 1Insurance/Risk Management ChecklistWorkers CompensationIncrease employers liability bound to $ 1,000,000Reviewed alternate evaluation programs, confined, self-insurance, deductibles, etc.Coverage applicable in all but monopolistic fu nd provincesDefense Base ActVoluntary compensation coverageStatus of administrator officers or spousesStatus of United States-based employees sent outside the stateForeign employeesAircraft indorsementRepatriation disbursalUnited States Longshoremen s and Harbor workers Compensation Act, Maritime, and Jones Act exposuresFederal employers liability coverageStop-gap employers liability coverageWorkers compensation deductibles, where permittedPolicy day of the months consistent with umbrella extra liability coverageJoint venture policiesChecked categorizations and auditsChecked overtime chargesOver-controlled, contractor controlled or other wrap-up plansExperience Rating ModifierBroad signifier named insuredCoverage for newly-formed entitiesAdvance notice of cancellation by earner, 60 twenty-four hours notice of cancellation and/or non-renewalBlanket pouch of subrogation if required by contractCommercial General Liability ( CGL )Happening ( CGL ) policy form $ 1 million/ $ 2 million / $ 2 millionOmission of selected contractual liability exclusionsCompleted operations and merchandises liability coverageBroad signifier belongings harm coverage broadenedChecked pollution coverage for jobsitesNotice of happening amendedNo exclusion of detonation, prostration, or belowground harmPersonal hurt liability coverage, take exclusion ( 4 )Limits of liabilityGeneral sum bound considerationsPer undertaking sum and per locations Broad signifier named insured indorsementBlanket extra insured if required by contractBlanket release of subrogation if required by contractVerified wide signifier liability extensions includedAdditional insured/protective liability demandsAdequate fire legal liability coverage and/or release of subrogation for harm to leased premisesVerified host spirits liability coverage includedEmployee benefit liability coverage, bound of $ 1 millionCoverage for foreign operationsPolicy day of the months consistent with umbrella extra liability coverageOwned or non-owned watercraft liability coverageOwned or non-owned aircraft liability coverageLimits of liability consistent with extra umbrella demands for underlyingJoint venture yesteryear and nowadaysResidual wrap-up coverageCoverage for newly-formed entitiesAdvance notice of cancellation by earner, 60-day notice of cancellation/non-renewalBusiness Car PolicyLiability coverage applicable to any car, symbol 1 Minimum limits $ 1 millionCheck nomadic equipment against car definitionsComplete and accurate agenda of cars, garage locations, coverages, and deductiblesAutomatic coverage for to boot acquired cars without notice to earnerAutomatic coverage for car physical harmAuto medical payments coveragePersonal hurt protection, if desiredNo-fault benefits, where applicableUnderinsured automobilists liability coverageDrive other auto coverage optionsAssigned drivers who have no personal car insurancePartnerships Status of non-owned car coveragesAdditional insured s LessorsIndividual named insu red indorsementAuto physical harm coverageDistinct coverages and deductibles by categorizations of carsDeductibles applicable to comprehensive coverageDeductibles applicable to hit coverageConsideration of alternate deductible degrees, premiumsHired carsForeign car exposuresPolitician

Rhetoric

Scott started a seminal debate within the empty words partnership with his essay, On Viewing magniloquence as Epistemic. His argument rhetoric is epistemic has been analyzed and/or criticized by many scholars. Scott himself followed up in 1976 with an article titled, On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic Ten Years Later in order to address some of these concerns, and add to his original thoughts. Despite this follow-up, authors up to now continue criticize and defend his work.This essay will focus on three responses in particular, each focusing on a different sentiment of Coots argument, in order to prove that rhetoric is in fact epistemic. First, Brunettes, Three Meanings of Epistemic Rhetoric (1979) will examine three possible meanings and implications of Coots claim. Second, Harpings What Do You Mean, Rhetoric is Epistemic? (2004) will hone in on the debate between Scott and Cheerier and Haskins, delimit the positions of each.Fin eithery, Banshees The Cartesian Anxiety in Epist emic Rhetoric An Assessment of the literary works (1990) will address four key positions within the debate, and bring them together with his Bernstein term, Cartesian Anxiety. From these responses it will become clear that while many scholars agree that rhetoric is epistemic, their definitions and viewpoints still vary. Before Jumping into the responses of other scholars, it is probably worth examining Coots own response, especially since it predates the essays soon to be examined.In this essay, Scott attempts to address three questions Is there one stylus of knowing or many? What sort of knowing does rhetoric strive to achieve? Is rhetorical relativism vicious? (1976, 259). He states that there are many ship canal of knowing, emphasizing the lyricist nature of Ways of knowing. He believes that rhetoric should strive to achieve an actuality, or an agreed social construction (later it will become unmixed that this facet of his argument is the one sparking the most debate).Final ly, he attempts to dispel the positivist argument against him, that rhetorical relativism is vicious. This leads to some deeper discussion on the nature of subjective knowledge, of which his delimitate argument seems to be Relativism, supposedly, means a standard-less society, or at least a maze of differing standards, and thus a cacophony f disparate, and likely self-centred interests.Rather than a standard-less society, which is the same as saying no society at all, relativism indicates circumstances in which standards have a bun in the oven to be established cooperatively and renewed repeatedly (1976, 264) Brume seeks to reach out up what he deems to be the three prevailing philosophies on epistemology. The first is what is considered the positivist view, which is essentially that there is a truth out there, and that people are either right or wrong about what they think is true. He emphasizes that rhetoric is the path to reaching that truth.The second is the classic interpre tive approach, that different groups have different realities, and there knowledge within them. This means that within a group, someone can be wrong, although that doesnt necessarily mean theyre wrong in all groups. Finally, he addresses the view that the world is much too complicated for humans to understand, which is evidenced by our need to define and label everything. Harping focus on defining terms, as he sees this as the most critical step in defining hitherto as epistemic.Specially, he examines the nature of certainty and the implications of various definitions and views. Next he examines the term rhetoric, whose definitions has implications not Just in this debate, but for all rhetorical theory. Here he addresses the pros and cons of defining rhetoric in a broad or specific sense. Finally, Harping examines Justification, and how various scholar use justification within the realm of epistemology. Bingham compares four positions within rhetoric as epistemic literature.

John Steinbeck Essay

rear Steinbeck is simply one of Americas finest storytellers. He is an accomplished author and a Nobel Laureate in Literature. However, his road to success was not easy. His earlier novels fai guide to attract attention, and it took many years before he got the knowledge he deserved. Like most writers, his experiences and his hometown were crucial in the creation of his stories. Thus, Steinbecks works were grandly influenced by his life and the environment in which he lived. flush toilet Ernst Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California ( subject field Steinbeck Center NSC, n. d. ).His parents were John Steinbeck, Sr., and Olive Hamilton Steinbeck. His father was a County Treasurer and his become was a school teacher (NSC, n. d. ). It was his mother who was responsible for his love of reading and writing (John Steinbeck, 2003). His favorite criminal records included Le Morte d Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory, Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky and heaven Lost by John Milton (John Steinbeck, 2003). He usually spent his summer vacations working on ranches and farms (NSC, n. d. ). It is from this experience where he derived his knowledge of the countryside and its people, which he posterior used in his stories (NSC, n.d. ).Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 (NSC, n. d. ), and proceeded to study marine biologarithmy in Stanford University (John Steinbeck, 2003). To pay for his education, he took many jobs, which led him to miss several quarters of school (John Steinbeck, 2003). He was already a writer in college, with several poems and short stories included in university publications as proof (John Steinbeck, 2003). In 1925, Steinbeck left Stanford University and proceeded to New York to start his writing career (NSC, n. d. ).He began his writing career in New York as a reporter for American (John Steinbeck, 2003). Despite this brief writing stint, Steinbeck was still unsuccessful in terms of fiction. He failed to p ublish any of his written works, forcing him to make pass to California (NSC, n. d. ). He was still a writer, tho he also had other jobs as well. His jobs included fruit picking, painting, surveying, being an estate caretaker and a manse watchman (John Steinbeck, 2003). In 1929, Cup of Gold was written when Steinbeck was a house watchman (John Steinbeck, 2003).It failed to return the publishers investment (John Steinbeck, 2003). His next two novels, The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unknown, were also unsuccessful (NSC, n. d. ). In 1930, Steinbeck married his first wife Carol Henning. The 30s also marked an rise in his writing career, as his first literary success Tortilla Flat was promulgated in 1935 (John Steinbeck, 2003). Tortilla Flat was later adapted into a movie. Steinbecks success continued, with the release Of Mice and Men in 1937, and The Grapes of Wrath in 1939. Soon after, he won a Pulitzer Prize for The Grapes of Wrath.During the Second World War, he went gumptio n to his journalistic roots, as a correspondent for the New York Herald Tribune (NSC, n. d. ). In 1942, Steinbecks relationship with Henning ended (John Steinbeck, 2003). He then married Gwyndolyn Conger, and the marriage did not last (John Steinbeck, 2003). In 1950, he married again, this time to Elaine Scott (John Steinbeck, 2003). It was also in the 50s when he published another great book of his, East of Eden in 1952 (John Steinbeck, 2003). In 1962, Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature (NSC, n. d. ). Four years after, he passed away, in the 20th of December (NSC, n.d. ).Steinbecks literary pieces are filled with references to his own life. The most prominent reference was the setting. Most of his stories, if not all, feature his hometown of Salinas. This is only proof that his hometown was very significant for him, that he refused to exclude it in his works. The Pastures of Heaven is a great example. There is a valley in California, which is located between Sali nas and Monterey (Paik, 2006). The name of the valley is Corral de Tierra, but Steinbeck referred to this valley as pastures of heaven, hence the title of his book (Paik, 2006).Moreover, it was also found that since The Pastures of Heaven consists of short stories, Steinbecks intention to unify them may bear a similarity to Miltons Paradise Lost (Meyer, 2007). This is no surprise, since it was one of his favorite books. Tortilla Flat is another Steinbeck novel which referenced his hometown. Tortilla Flat is another town in California, near Monterey. The theme of the story was based on King Arthur and the Round Table (John Steinbeck, 2003). Steinbeck might have derived this idea from another favorite book of his, Le Morte d Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory.In addition, he included the plight of farmers within the story (Pollock, 2006), the inspiration of which was probably taken from his summers as a farmhand. The Log from the Sea of Cortez is another Steinbeck text that, despite having n o connection with California, was still a result of his life experiences. When Steinbeck was married to Carol, they lived in Pacific grove (NSC, n. d. ). It was in Pacific Grove were he met Edward Ricketts, a marine biologist (John Steinbeck, 2003). They quickly became friends, probably because they shared the same interest in biology, which Steinbeck took in college.In 1940, Ricketts and Steinbeck boarded The Western Flyer, a fishing boat they hired for the expedition (Weiss, 1999). Both men explored the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez (Weiss, 1999). Steinbeck published the book Sea of Cortez, which was re-released as The Log from the Sea of Cortez (Weiss, 1999). Steinbecks maturity as a writer is difficult to trace, simply because he started out as a journalist and later became a fiction writer. News writing and fiction writing are two different fields, both of which are congenital parts of Steinbecks career. Nonetheless, regardless of genre, Steinbecks talen t is undeniable.Only he could write with a balance of realistic naturalism and moral optimism within his stories (Phillips, 2006). Consequently, Steinbecks writing strength lies on his social commentary, the focus of which was the economic struggles of laborers in the rural areas (Nobel Foundation 1962). His love for the California landscape is also another Steinbeck trademark, which is not always compatible with his straightforward sociological kind of writing (Nobel Foundation, 1962). Despite this, John Steinbeck remains a remarkable author whose legacy will stick out for generations.He was one of the many who created literary masterpieces that was extremely influenced by his own life and the surroundings in which he lived. References John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www. kirjasto. sci. fi/johnstei. htm Meyer, M. J. (2007). The Pastures of Heaven. The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www. litencyc. com/php/sworks. php ? rec=true&UID=7353 National Steinbeck Center (n. d. ).Biography. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www. steinbeck. org/Bio. html Nobel Foundation (1962). Biography. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/steinbeck-bio. html Paik, F. (2006). Pastures of heaven. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www. forbes. com/2001/11/09/1109how. html Phillips, B. (2006). SparkNote on East of Eden.Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www. sparknotes. com/lit/eastofeden/context. html Pollock, F. J. (2006). SparkNote on Tortilla Flat. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www. sparknotes. com/lit/tortillaflat/context. html Weiss, D. (1999). The log of the sea of Cortez. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www. ecotopia. org/about/cortez. html.

Article rebuttal

I located an word on CNN. Com the article is Why we should non legalize cannabis. The author states that marijuana is the commonly ab utilise illegal drug in the U. S. , and around the world. The author also states that marijuana makes it totally impossible for a mortal using it to function and live a normal daily life. The author believes everyone who uses this drug she have penalties against them. I disagree, because the author is non stating facts and the information she provided In the article does is not reliable because she is going off of her opinions.I know many people who smoke marijuana and many people who use other drugs. Marijuana would not do much harm, I know a lot of people who are successful college graduates who used marijuana all throughout college and in their careers. Although I have never smoked a day in my life. I have reliable sources who have and decided to question them. I questioned friends who smoke marijuana, and friends who used to smoke marijuana. I n my Interviews with friends and a few family members the ones who smoked told me It relaxes them and helps them focus more and have a clear vision on the things.The ones who quit says marijuana helped them carry out better in school and feel stress free and that the only reason they quit was because of employment purposes. There are other drugs out thither such as crack cocaine that can cause bodily harm and damage and even death while using, or overdose. You can not over dose on marijuana, marijuana can not cause dependable harm. Being that marijuana can not cause you any ripe harm or causes anyone to lose their life. I think It should be legalized and people should not get In trouble for having It. It should be their choice since no serious side effects occur

Nike and “King Consumer”

prevalent ending, indeed, has always held athletes in high esteem, dating back to the days of the ancient Greeks and the first Olympiad events, thousands of historic period ago. However, in recent decades, adroit athletes in sports which had in the olden been relegated to the upper class, such as lawn tennis, are now embraced by the masses of all socioeconomic levels. A faux pas in point is the Russian tennis phenomenon Maria Sharapova. Admittedly, she is an excellent tennis player, but there are countless other talented tennis players who take hold non gotten even a calculate of the media attention as has Sharapova.Taking a closer seek at this pop assimilation frenzy, the adoration that has been showered upon Sharapova and m each other athletes comes down to how our civilization has influenced denote (USA Today) more specifically, one tail clearly argue that Sharapova and others grabbed their biggest share of fame at once they began to commercially advertize product s such as Nike brand clothing and shoes, showing the mightiness of advertising to focus the love of the masses on roundone based on an realise seen in commercials, as well as the ways that market-gardening has influenced product brands.The Rise of ConsumerismAs was alluded to in the introduction of this paper, the common denominator in the rise of athletes to god-like stead in society, and the growth of companies like Nike into multi billion dollar marketing machines, can all be attributed to the masses, leading to academic studies of consumers in such frequency that damage like consumerism father been coined to identify the analysis of the behavior and precedent of the consumer to dictate how the business world ultimately operates, what it offers to the public, and how the future of consumer goods will unfold.Experts in the study of consumerism have attributed the rise of consumerism itself to the global spread of what can best be described as material desire in other words , the economic freedom that many parts of the world have been exposed to for the first clock over the last quarter century or so has bred a new times of consumers, who have the desire to possess consumer goods and finally have the pecuniary means to buy them (Sussman). Especially desirable are the brand name goods which consumers view as a symbol of affluence the Nike swoosh symbol, for instance, is something that people withdraw a sign of success when it appears on their shoes or clothing.This, in itself, speaks volumes about the finis of consumerism with the use of a simple, yet telling example. Because of the availability of unconnected made, inexpensive clothing and shoes, it would make sense that if one merely wanted to keep perfervid or protect their feet, they would buy the least expensive, yet in operation(p) merchandise they could obtain however, more often than not, consumers will pay much more than they have to for clothing items because of the presence of a Nike symbol or any of a score of others which have universal appeal. In fairness to Nike and others, they do make products of decent quality and functionality, but in any case in fairness, one can find goods of similar, or even superior quality at lower prices, sans swoosh if you will. The difference, once again, is the power of consumerism to dictate what one should wear on their bodies to be considered worthy in society.Catering to King ConsumerWhen looking at the role of the consumer, it can moderately be said that we are really looking at king or queen, as marketing efforts target, and effectively reach, both genders. In the case of Nike, the understated in fact speaks volumes for example, the preceding(prenominal)ly mentioned Maria Sharapova is presented by Nike as just a tennis player (Nike-United States). In this case, what is not said rattling screams out to the consumer. The implication on the part of Nike is clear- their products hold the possible to bring out greatness, or to satisfy the highest needs of the most talented athletes like Sharapova. This speaks volumes not and about the power of advertising, but also a bit about our culture.Cultures Influence on AdvertisingThe all- strong consumer also wields a great deal of influence in legal injury of how companies like Nike advertise their products. Going back to an example similar to the one in the previous section, Nike, in investing multiple millions of dollars in advertising, could buy kind of literally a ton of advertising year-round, but will spend the same amount of money for one quick television advertisement during the Super Bowl.The evidence why is that the consumer dictates that for Nike and others, Super Bowl advertising is a command performance, much like attention at a family dinner party to maintain harmoniousness with ones siblings. This is indicative of both the power of the consumer to direct marketing strategy, and the power of the media to do powerful companies quite lit erally overnight in some cases (Kellner). In the words of our old friends at Nike, consumerism and culture are tied together as suchIn a commercial culture that blends celebrity, product, and image, it is only natural that the sports shoe transnational Nike as well as many other corporations would purchase star power to promote its products. Accordingly, I argue that the Nike alliance calls attention to the extent to which media culture is transforming sports into a spectacle that sells the values, products, celebrities, and institutions of the media and consumer society (Kellner, p. 64) .Culture is also a powerful ingredient in the consumerism mix when one takes a look at the styles of clothing and shoes that Nike offers, as well as their advertising, it is clear that urban culture is a strong influence, leading to farm kids in Iowa, for example, wearing Nike gear, even though the closest they may have ever come to city intent is seeing graffiti on a tractor trailer ringlet t hrough their town, on the way to somewhere else. The point to be made is that popular culture is a driving force in marketing today. cobblers lastIn an image-obsessed society such as ours, material goods can, and do, create legendary, larger than life individuals, who in turn sell billions of dollars in products, and the cycle continues. As a conclusion, perhaps the old saying is the best consumer is kingWorks CitedKellner, Douglas. Media Spectacle. New York Routledge, 2003.(Nike-United States 2007)Nike-United States. 2007. Nike, Inc.. 5 Mar. 2007 .Sussman, Charlotte. Consumerism in World History The Global Transformation of Desire. The Historian 66.1 (2004) 211+.tennis Royalty Crowned by Prince. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Nov. 2005 78+.Nike and King ConsumerPopular culture, indeed, has always held athletes in high esteem, dating back to the days of the ancient Greeks and the first Olympiad events, thousands of years ago. However, in recent decades, talente d athletes in sports which had in the past been relegated to the upper class, such as tennis, are now embraced by the masses of all socioeconomic levels. A case in point is the Russian tennis phenomenon Maria Sharapova. Admittedly, she is an excellent tennis player, but there are countless other talented tennis players who have not gotten even a fraction of the media attention as has Sharapova.Taking a closer look at this pop culture frenzy, the adoration that has been showered upon Sharapova and many other athletes comes down to how our culture has influenced advertising (USA Today) more specifically, one can clearly argue that Sharapova and others grabbed their biggest share of fame once they began to commercially promote products such as Nike brand clothing and shoes, showing the power of advertising to focus the love of the masses on someone based on an image seen in commercials, as well as the ways that culture has influenced product brands.The Rise of ConsumerismAs was alluded to in the introduction of this paper, the common denominator in the rise of athletes to god-like status in society, and the growth of companies like Nike into multi billion dollar marketing machines, can all be attributed to the masses, leading to academic studies of consumers in such frequency that terms like consumerism have been coined to identify the analysis of the behavior and power of the consumer to dictate how the business world ultimately operates, what it offers to the public, and how the future of consumer goods will unfold.Experts in the study of consumerism have attributed the rise of consumerism itself to the global spread of what can best be described as material desire in other words, the economic freedom that many parts of the world have been exposed to for the first time over the last quarter century or so has bred a new generation of consumers, who have the desire to possess consumer goods and finally have the financial means to buy them (Sussman). Especially de sirable are the brand name goods which consumers view as a symbol of affluence the Nike swoosh symbol, for instance, is something that people consider a sign of success when it appears on their shoes or clothing.This, in itself, speaks volumes about the extent of consumerism with the use of a simple, yet telling example. Because of the availability of foreign made, inexpensive clothing and shoes, it would make sense that if one merely wanted to keep warm or protect their feet, they would buy the least expensive, yet functional merchandise they could obtain however, more often than not, consumers will pay much more than they have to for clothing items because of the presence of a Nike symbol or any of a score of others which have universal appeal.In fairness to Nike and others, they do make products of sufficient quality and functionality, but also in fairness, one can find goods of similar, or even superior quality at lower prices, sans swoosh if you will. The difference, once again , is the power of consumerism to dictate what one should wear on their bodies to be considered worthy in society.Catering to King ConsumerWhen looking at the role of the consumer, it can fairly be said that we are really looking at king or queen, as marketing efforts target, and effectively reach, both genders. In the case of Nike, the understated in fact speaks volumes for example, the previously mentioned Maria Sharapova is presented by Nike as just a tennis player (Nike-United States). In this case, what is not said actually screams out to the consumer. The implication on the part of Nike is clear- their products hold the potential to bring out greatness, or to satisfy the highest needs of the most talented athletes like Sharapova. This speaks volumes not only about the power of advertising, but also a bit about our culture.Cultures Influence on AdvertisingThe all-powerful consumer also wields a great deal of influence in terms of how companies like Nike advertise their products. Going back to an example similar to the one in the previous section, Nike, in investing multiple millions of dollars in advertising, could purchase quite literally a ton of advertising year-round, but will spend the same amount for one quick television advertisement during the Super Bowl.The reason why is that the consumer dictates that for Nike and others, Super Bowl advertising is a command performance, much like attendance at a family dinner party to maintain harmony with ones siblings. This is indicative of both the power of the consumer to direct marketing strategy, and the power of the media to create powerful companies quite literally overnight in some cases (Kellner). In the words of our old friends at Nike, consumerism and culture are tied together as suchIn a commercial culture that blends celebrity, product, and image, it is only natural that the sports shoe transnational Nike as well as many other corporations would purchase star power to promote its products. Accordi ngly, I argue that the Nike connection calls attention to the extent to which media culture is transforming sports into a spectacle that sells the values, products, celebrities, and institutions of the media and consumer society (Kellner, p. 64) .Culture is also a powerful ingredient in the consumerism mix when one takes a look at the styles of clothing and shoes that Nike offers, as well as their advertising, it is clear that urban culture is a strong influence, leading to farm kids in Iowa, for example, wearing Nike gear, even though the closest they may have ever come to city life is seeing graffiti on a tractor trailer rolling through their town, on the way to somewhere else. The point to be made is that popular culture is a driving force in marketing today.ConclusionIn an image-obsessed society such as ours, material goods can, and do, create legendary, larger than life individuals, who in turn sell billions of dollars in products, and the cycle continues. As a conclusion, perh aps the old saying is the best consumer is kingWorks CitedKellner, Douglas. Media Spectacle. New York Routledge, 2003.(Nike-United States 2007)Nike-United States. 2007. Nike, Inc.. 5 Mar. 2007 .Sussman, Charlotte. Consumerism in World History The Global Transformation of Desire. The Historian 66.1 (2004) 211+.Tennis Royalty Crowned by Prince. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Nov. 2005 78+.